<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">epilepsia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2077-8333</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2311-4088</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2024.205</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">epilepsia-1124</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сlinical and neuroimmunological correlations in post-stroke epilepsy illustrated by analyzing serum neuron-specific enolase and vascular endothelial growth factor</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клинико-нейроиммунологические корреляции при постинсультной эпилепсии на примере нейронспецифической енолазы и фактора роста эндотелия сосудов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5547-7610</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рахимбаева</surname><given-names>Г. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rakhimbaeva</surname><given-names>G. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рахимбаева Гульнора Саттаровна - д.м.н., проф.</p><p>ул. Шифокорлар, д. 2, Ташкент 100109, Узбекистан)</p><p>Scopus Author ID 37122562300</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gulnora S. Rakhimbaeva - Dr. Sci. Med., Prof.</p><p>2 Shifokorlar Str., Tashkent 100109</p><p>Scopus Author ID 37122562300</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gulnora.rakhimbaeva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5753-2031</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Собирова</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sobirova</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Собирова Донохон Саидаскархановна.</p><p>ул. Шифокорлар, д. 2, Ташкент 100109; ул. Гайрати, д. 24, Ташкент 100099</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Donokhon S. Sobirova.</p><p>2 Shifokorlar Str., Tashkent 100109; 24 Gayrati Str., Tashkent 100099</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ташкентская медицинская академия</institution><country>Узбекистан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tashkent Medical Academy</institution><country>Uzbekistan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ташкентская медицинская академия; Городская клиническая больница № 7</institution><country>Узбекистан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tashkent Medical Academy; City Clinical Hospital No. 7</institution><country>Uzbekistan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>316</fpage><lpage>326</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Rakhimbaeva G.S., Sobirova D.S., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рахимбаева Г.С., Собирова Д.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rakhimbaeva G.S., Sobirova D.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/1124">https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/1124</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Due to progress in the treatment of patients who have suffered a stroke, the prevalence of post-stroke epilepsy (PSE) has been increasing. The search for biomarkers that determine the prognosis of ischemic stroke (IS) complications and PSE development along with creating a diagnostic protocol subsequently is useful for advancing tactics of PSE therapy.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to investigate the blood serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in PSE patients paralleled by assessing clinical and neuroimmunological correlations.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. A total of 140 patients aged 28 to 84 years with the first IS was examined. Of these, 70 patients newly developed late epileptic seizures (main group), 70 patients had IS without epileptic seizures (comparison group). The control group consisted of 30 patients without IS or epilepsy. IS severity was assessed according to the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), the degree of disability – according to the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), the level of patient’s basic functional activity – according to the Barthel Index (BI). Prediction of post-IS onset of late seizures was performed according to the SeLECT scale (SEverity of stroke, Large artery atherosclerosis, Early seizure, Cortical involvement, Territory of the middle cerebral artery). To assess severity of epilepsy, the K. Lühdorf et al. classification was used. The levels of NSE neurotrophic factor and VEGF angiogenesis factor were measured in blood serum samples from all patients by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A significantly increased NSE and VEGF levels were noted in main group (by 4.72- and 1.59-fold, respectively) and in comparison group (by 4.45- and 1.54-fold, respectively) compared to control group. In addition, NSE and VEGF levels in main group significantly exceeded those in comparison group (by 1.06- and 1.03-fold, respectively). Both biomarkers also tended to increase in patients with moderate and severe PSE. The level of NSE/VEGF correlation characterizing damage to the nervous tissue and angiogenesis as well as degree of severity, disability, rehabilitation potential, patients’ everyday life activity, NSE and VEGF prognostic significance in development and severity level of epilepsy in IS patients with epileptic seizures was determined.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. NSE and VEGF hyperexpression is important in predicting development or progression (worsening) of epilepsy after IS.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. В связи с прогрессом в лечении пациентов, перенесших инсульт, увеличивается распространенность постинсультной эпилепсии (ПИЭ). Поиск биомаркеров, определяющих прогноз осложнений ишемического инсульта (ИИ) и развитие ПИЭ, с разработкой протокола диагностики полезен для совершенствования тактики терапии ПИЭ.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: исследование уровней нейронспецифической енолазы (англ. neuron-specific enolase, NSE) и фактора роста эндотелия сосудов (англ. vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) в сыворотке крови пациентов с ПИЭ, изучение клинико-нейроиммунологических корреляций.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Обследованы 140 пациентов в возрасте от 28 до 84 лет с последствиями первого ИИ. Из них у 70 больных впервые развились поздние эпилептические приступы (основная группа), у 70 имел место ИИ без эпилептических приступов (группа сравнения). В контрольную группу вошли 30 пациентов без ИИ и эпилепсии. Степень тяжести ИИ оценивали по шкале инсульта Национальных институтов здравоохранения США (англ. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, NIHSS), степень инвалидизации – по модифицированной шкале Рэнкина (англ. modified Rankin Scale, mRS), уровень базовой функциональной активности пациента – по индексу Бартела (англ. Barthel Index, BI). Прогнозирование появления поздних приступов после ИИ осуществляли по шкале SeLECT (англ. SEverity of stroke, Large artery atherosclerosis, Early seizure, Cortical involvement, Territory of the middle cerebral artery). Для оценки тяжести течения эпилепсии использовали классификацию K. Lühdorf et al. У всех пациентов проводили иммуноферментный анализ уровня нейротрофического фактора NSE и фактора ангиогенеза VEGF в сыворотке крови.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Отмечено значительное увеличение концентрации NSE в основной группе (в 4,72 раза) и группе сравнения (в 4,45 раза), в отличие от контрольной группы. Выявлено статистически значимое повышение показателей VEGF в основной группе (в 1,59 раза) и группе сравнения (в 1,54 раза) относительно контрольных значений. Кроме того, уровни NSE и VEGF в основной группе статистически значимо превышали таковые в группе сравнения (в 1,06 и 1,03 раза соответственно). Также наблюдалась тенденция к повышению обоих биомаркеров у больных со среднетяжелым и тяжелым течением ПИЭ. Определен уровень корреляционных взаимосвязей между показателями, которые характеризуют повреждение нервной ткани и процесс ангиогенеза, и степенью тяжести, инвалидизации, реабилитационного потенциала, активности пациентов в повседневной жизни, а также прогностической значимости NSE и VEGF в развитии и утяжелении эпилепсии у больных с последствиями ИИ и эпилептическими приступами.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Гиперэкспрессия NSE и VEGF имеет значение в прогнозировании развития или прогрессирования (утяжеления) эпилепсии после ИИ.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Постинсультная эпилепсия</kwd><kwd>ПИЭ</kwd><kwd>клинические шкалы</kwd><kwd>нейронспецифическая енолаза</kwd><kwd>NSE</kwd><kwd>фактор роста эндотелия сосудов</kwd><kwd>VEGF</kwd><kwd>сыворотка крови</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Post-stroke epilepsy</kwd><kwd>PSE</kwd><kwd>clinical scales</kwd><kwd>neuron-specific enolase</kwd><kwd>NSE</kwd><kwd>vascular endothelial growth factor</kwd><kwd>VEGF</kwd><kwd>blood serum</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pezzini A., Tarantino B., Zedde M., еt al. Early seizures and risk of epilepsy and death after intracerebral haemorrhage: The MUCH Italy. Eur Stroke J. 2024; 9 (3): 630–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969873241247745.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pezzini A., Tarantino B., Zedde M., еt al. Early seizures and risk of epilepsy and death after intracerebral haemorrhage: The MUCH Italy. Eur Stroke J. 2024; 9 (3): 630–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969873241247745.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tanaka T., Ihara M., Fukuma K., et al. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and prevention of poststroke epilepsy: clinical and research implications. Neurology. 2024; 102 (11): e209450. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000209450.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tanaka T., Ihara M., Fukuma K., et al. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and prevention of poststroke epilepsy: clinical and research implications. Neurology. 2024; 102 (11): e209450. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000209450.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liang M., Zhang L., Geng Z. Advances in the development of biomarkers for poststroke epilepsy. Biomed Res Int. 2021; 2021: 5567046. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5567046.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liang M., Zhang L., Geng Z. Advances in the development of biomarkers for poststroke epilepsy. Biomed Res Int. 2021; 2021: 5567046. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5567046.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stefan H., Michelson G. Late onset epilepsy and stroke: diagnosis, pathogenesis and prevention. Seizure. 2024: S1059–1311(24)00168-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2024.06.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stefan H., Michelson G. Late onset epilepsy and stroke: diagnosis, pathogenesis and prevention. Seizure. 2024: S1059–1311(24)00168-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2024.06.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григолашвили М.А., Жуанышева Э.М. Факторы риска развития постинсультной эпилепсии. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2021; 121 (8-2): 35–40. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202112108235.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigolashvili M.A., Zhuanysheva E.M. Risk factors for post stroke epilepsy. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2021; 121 (8-2): 35-–40 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202112108235.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu M.Y. Poststroke seizure: optimising its management. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2018; 4 (1): 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1136/SVN-2018-000175.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu M.Y. Poststroke seizure: optimising its management. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2018; 4 (1): 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1136/SVN-2018-000175.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barolin G.S., Sherzer E. Epileptic seizures in apoplectic patients. Wein Nervenh. 1962; 20: 35–47 (in German).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barolin G.S., Sherzer E. Epileptic seizures in apoplectic patients. Wein Nervenh. 1962; 20: 35–47 (in German).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маджидова Ё.Н., Рахимбаева Г.С., Азизова Р.Б. Нейроиммунопатогенетические механизмы эпилепсии. Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния. 2014; 6 (1): 15–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madjidova Y.N., Rakhimbaeva G.S., Azizova R.B. Neuroimmunopathogenic mechanisms of epilepsy. Epilepsia i paroksizmal'nye sostoania / Epilepsy and Paroxysmal Conditions. 2014; 6 (1): 15–8 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vezzani A., Balosso S., Ravizza T. Neuroinflammatory pathways as treatment targets and biomarkers in epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019; 15 (8): 459–72. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-019-0217-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vezzani A., Balosso S., Ravizza T. Neuroinflammatory pathways as treatment targets and biomarkers in epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019; 15 (8): 459–72. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-019-0217-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang M., Yu J., Xiao X., et al. Changes of biochemical biomarkers in the serum of children with convulsion status epilepticus: a prospective study. BMC Neurol. 2022; 22 (1): 196. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-022-02686-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang M., Yu J., Xiao X., et al. Changes of biochemical biomarkers in the serum of children with convulsion status epilepticus: a prospective study. BMC Neurol. 2022; 22 (1): 196. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-022-02686-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abraira L., Santamarina E., Cazorla S., еt al. Blood biomarkers predictive of epilepsy after an acute stroke event. Epilepsia. 2020; 61 (10): 2244–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16648.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abraira L., Santamarina E., Cazorla S., еt al. Blood biomarkers predictive of epilepsy after an acute stroke event. Epilepsia. 2020; 61 (10): 2244–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16648.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abraira L., López-Maza S., Quintana M., еt al. Exploratory study of blood biomarkers in patients with post-stroke epilepsy. Eur Stroke J. 2024; 9 (3): 763–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969873241244584.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abraira L., López-Maza S., Quintana M., еt al. Exploratory study of blood biomarkers in patients with post-stroke epilepsy. Eur Stroke J. 2024; 9 (3): 763–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969873241244584.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Расулова Х.А., Расулова М.А. Иммуноанализ естественных нейротропных аутоантител в сыворотке крови больных с COVID-19-ассоциированными ишемическими инсультами. Медицинская иммунология. 2024; 26 (6): 1257–68. https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-IAO-2888.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rasulova Kh.A., Rasulova M.A. Immune analysis of natural neurotropic autoantibodies in blood serum of patients with COVID-19 associated ischemic stroke. Medical Immunology (Russia). 2024; 26 (6): 1257–68 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-IAO-2888.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Расулова Х.А., Азизова Р.Б. Естественные нейротропные аутоантитела в сыворотке крови больных, страдающих эпилепсией. Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук. 2014; 69 (5–6): 111–6. https://doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v69i5-6.1054.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rasulova K.A., Arizova R.B. Natural neurotropic autoantibodies in blood serum of epilepsy patients. Vestnik Rossiiskoi akademii medetsinskikh nauk / Annals of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. 2014; 69 (5–6): 111–6 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v69i5-6.1054.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bronisz E., Kurkowska-Jastrzębska I. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 in epilepsy: the role of neuroinflammation in seizure development. Mediators Inflamm. 2016; 2016: 7369020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7369020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bronisz E., Kurkowska-Jastrzębska I. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 in epilepsy: the role of neuroinflammation in seizure development. Mediators Inflamm. 2016; 2016: 7369020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7369020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Croll S.D., Ransohoff R.M., Cai N., et al. VEGF-mediated inflammation precedes angiogenesis in adult brain. Exp Neurol. 2004; 187 (2): 388–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.02.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Croll S.D., Ransohoff R.M., Cai N., et al. VEGF-mediated inflammation precedes angiogenesis in adult brain. Exp Neurol. 2004; 187 (2): 388–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.02.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tröscher A.R., Gruber J., Wagner J.N., et al. Inflammation mediated epileptogenesis as possible mechanism underlying ischemic post-stroke epilepsy. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021; 13: 781174. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.781174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tröscher A.R., Gruber J., Wagner J.N., et al. Inflammation mediated epileptogenesis as possible mechanism underlying ischemic post-stroke epilepsy. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021; 13: 781174. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.781174.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рахимбаева Г.С., Рашидова Н.С. Нейрон-специфическая енолаза в сыворотке крови как диагностический маркер эпилепсии. Международный неврологический журнал. 2011; 2: 123–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rakhimbaeva G.S., Rashidova N.S. Neuron-specific enolase in blood serum as a diagnostic marker of epilepsy. Meždunarodnyj nevrologičeskij žurnal / International Neurological Journal. 2011; 2: 123–8 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bai X., Zhang L., Li H., et al. A cross-sectional study of early-onset epilepsy of intracerebral hemorrhage and construction of a risk prediction model. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2022; 34 (12): 1273–9 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn121430-20221008-00878.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bai X., Zhang L., Li H., et al. A cross-sectional study of early-onset epilepsy of intracerebral hemorrhage and construction of a risk prediction model. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2022; 34 (12): 1273–9 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn121430-20221008-00878.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eriksson H., Banote R.K., Larsson D., et al. Brain injury markers in new-onset seizures in adults: a pilot study. Seizure. 2021; 92: 62–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2021.08.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eriksson H., Banote R.K., Larsson D., et al. Brain injury markers in new-onset seizures in adults: a pilot study. Seizure. 2021; 92: 62–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2021.08.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ogaki A., Ikegaya Y., Koyama R. Vascular abnormalities and the role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the epileptic brain. Front Pharmacol. 2020; 11: 20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ogaki A., Ikegaya Y., Koyama R. Vascular abnormalities and the role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the epileptic brain. Front Pharmacol. 2020; 11: 20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rigau V., Morin M., Rousset M.C., et al. Angiogenesis is associated with blood-brain barrier permeability in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain. 2007; 130 (Pt 7): 1942–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm118.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rigau V., Morin M., Rousset M.C., et al. Angiogenesis is associated with blood-brain barrier permeability in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain. 2007; 130 (Pt 7): 1942–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm118.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zabrodskaya Y., Paramonova N., Litovchenko A., et al. Neuroinflammatory dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier and basement membrane dysplasia play a role in the development of drug-resistant epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24 (16): 12689. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241612689.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zabrodskaya Y., Paramonova N., Litovchenko A., et al. Neuroinflammatory dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier and basement membrane dysplasia play a role in the development of drug-resistant epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24 (16): 12689. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241612689.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Расулова Х.А. Ангиогенез в норме и патологии. Роль эндотелиального фактора роста сосудов. Неврология. 2016; 3: 47–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rasulova Kh.A. Angiogenesis in normal and pathological conditions. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor. Neurology. 2016; 3: 47–9 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park S.J., Park S.H. Systemic expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with cerebral cavernous malformation treated by stereotactic radiosurgery. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2016; 59 (5): 442–8. https://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2016.59.5.442.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park S.J., Park S.H. Systemic expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with cerebral cavernous malformation treated by stereotactic radiosurgery. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2016; 59 (5): 442–8. https://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2016.59.5.442.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li P., Zhang L., Chen D., et al. Focal neurons: another source of vascular endothelial growth factor in brain arteriovenous malformation tissues? Neurol Res. 2018; 40 (2): 122–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2017.1405574.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li P., Zhang L., Chen D., et al. Focal neurons: another source of vascular endothelial growth factor in brain arteriovenous malformation tissues? Neurol Res. 2018; 40 (2): 122–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2017.1405574.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo D., Zhang B., Han L., et al. Cerebral vascular and blood brain-barrier abnormalities in a mouse model of epilepsy and tuberous sclerosis complex. Epilepsia. 2024; 65 (2): 483–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.17848.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo D., Zhang B., Han L., et al. Cerebral vascular and blood brain-barrier abnormalities in a mouse model of epilepsy and tuberous sclerosis complex. Epilepsia. 2024; 65 (2): 483–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.17848.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Executive Committee; ESO Writing Committee. Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008; 25 (5): 457–507. https://doi.org/10.1159/000131083.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Executive Committee; ESO Writing Committee. Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008; 25 (5): 457–507. https://doi.org/10.1159/000131083.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fisher R.S., Acevedo C., Arzimanoglou A., et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014; 55 (4): 475–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.12550.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fisher R.S., Acevedo C., Arzimanoglou A., et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014; 55 (4): 475–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.12550.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fisher R.S., Cross J.H., D'Souza C., et al. Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational classification of seizure types. Epilepsia. 2017; 58 (4): 531–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.13671.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fisher R.S., Cross J.H., D'Souza C., et al. Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational classification of seizure types. Epilepsia. 2017; 58 (4): 531–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.13671.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galovic M., Döhler N., Erdélyi-Canavese B., et al. Prediction of late seizures after ischaemic stroke with a novel prognostic model (the SeLECT score): a multivariable prediction model development and validation study. Lancet Neurol. 2018; 17 (2): 143–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30404-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galovic M., Döhler N., Erdélyi-Canavese B., et al. Prediction of late seizures after ischaemic stroke with a novel prognostic model (the SeLECT score): a multivariable prediction model development and validation study. Lancet Neurol. 2018; 17 (2): 143–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30404-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beghi E., D'Alessandro R., Beretta S., et al. Incidence and predictors of acute symptomatic seizures after stroke. Neurology. 2011; 77 (20): 1785–93. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182364878.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beghi E., D'Alessandro R., Beretta S., et al. Incidence and predictors of acute symptomatic seizures after stroke. Neurology. 2011; 77 (20): 1785–93. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182364878.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holtkamp M., Beghi E., Benninger F., et al. European Stroke Organisation guidelines for the management of post-stroke seizures and epilepsy. Eur Stroke J. 2017; 2 (2): 103–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2396987317705536.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holtkamp M., Beghi E., Benninger F., et al. European Stroke Organisation guidelines for the management of post-stroke seizures and epilepsy. Eur Stroke J. 2017; 2 (2): 103–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2396987317705536.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lühdorf K., Jensen L.K., Plesner A.M. Epilepsy in the elderly: incidence, social function, and disability. Epilepsia. 1986; 27 (2): 135–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1986.tb03516.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lühdorf K., Jensen L.K., Plesner A.M. Epilepsy in the elderly: incidence, social function, and disability. Epilepsia. 1986; 27 (2): 135–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1986.tb03516.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rundgren M., Karlsson T., Nielsen N., et al. Neuron specific enolase and S-100B as predictors of outcome after cardiac arrest and induced hypothermia. Resuscitation. 2009; 80 (7): 784–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.03.025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rundgren M., Karlsson T., Nielsen N., et al. Neuron specific enolase and S-100B as predictors of outcome after cardiac arrest and induced hypothermia. Resuscitation. 2009; 80 (7): 784–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.03.025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaca-Oryńska M., Tomasiuk R., Friedman A. Neuron-specific enolase and S 100B protein as predictors of outcome in ischaemic stroke. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2010; 44 (5): 459–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3843(14)60136-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaca-Oryńska M., Tomasiuk R., Friedman A. Neuron-specific enolase and S 100B protein as predictors of outcome in ischaemic stroke. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2010; 44 (5): 459–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3843(14)60136-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Куракина А.С., Семенова Т.Н., Гузанова Е.В. и др. Прогностическое значение исследования нейронспецифической енолазы у пациентов с ишемическим инсультом. Современные технологии в медицине. 2021; 13 (2): 68–72. https://doi.org/10.17691/stm2021.13.2.08.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurakina А.S., Semenova T.N., Guzanova E.V., et al. Prognostic value of investigating neuron-specific enolase in patients with ischemic stroke. Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine / Modern Technologies in Medicine. 2021; 13 (2): 68–72. https://doi.org/10.17691/stm2021.13.2.08.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
