<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">epilepsia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2077-8333</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2311-4088</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2025.235</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">epilepsia-1202</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SCIENTIFIC SURVEYS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Non-painful phantom limb sensations</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Безболевой фантом ампутированных</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0459-0488</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корабельников</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korabelnikov</surname><given-names>D. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Корабельников Даниил Иванович, к.м.н., доцент</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 7801382184</p><p>ул. 2-я Брестская, д. 5, Москва 123056</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daniil I. Korabelnikov, PhD, Assoc. Prof., Prof.</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 7801382184</p><p>5 2nd Brestskaya Str., Moscow 123056</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dkorabelnikov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4123-4649</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ткаченко</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tkachenko</surname><given-names>Е. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ткаченко Евгений Валентинович</p><p>ул. 2-я Брестская, д. 5, Москва 123056;</p><p>Госпитальная пл., д. 3, Москва 105094</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeny V. Tkachenko</p><p>3 Gospitalnaya Sq., Moscow 105094;</p><p>5 2nd Brestskaya Str., Moscow 123056</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Автономная некоммерческая организация дополнительного профессионального образования «Московский медико-социальный институт им. Ф.П. Гааза»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Haass Medical Social Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Автономная некоммерческая организация дополнительного профессионального образования «Московский медико-социальный институт им. Ф.П. Гааза»;&#13;
Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Главный военный клинический госпиталь им. академика Н.Н. Бурденко» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Haass Medical Social Institute;&#13;
Burdenko Main Military Clinical Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>234</fpage><lpage>242</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Korabelnikov D.I., Tkachenko Е.V., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Корабельников Д.И., Ткаченко Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Korabelnikov D.I., Tkachenko Е.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/1202">https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/1202</self-uri><abstract><p>Background. Phantom, or phantom limb (PL), or phantom amputee is a false sensation of the presence of a lost body part, a multifaceted and to date not fully investigated phenomenon that occurs after amputation of a body part. Up to 98–99% of amputated patients experience sensations in the lost body part soon after the operation: they feel warmth or cold, itching, pressure and even the position of the phantom limb in space. The most frequent painful PL form – phantom pain (PP), or phantom pain syndrome, occurs in 29–85.6% of patients. However, apart from the painful PL/PP form, phantom sensations (PS) as a more rarely described painless form of PL exists. Objective: To review publications describing the clinical picture, course of painless PL form – PS, compare PS with PP, and determine their relationship.Material and methods. We analyzed literature sources aimed at describing painless PL available in the databases PubMed/ MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar, OpenAlex, eLibrary, CyberLeninka as well as located in the Russian State Library and the State Central Scientific Medical Library. The search was conducted using the following keywords: “phantom limb sensation”, “non-painful phantom”, “painless phantom”, “natural phantom”, “telescoping phenomenon” in Russian and English.Results. The prevalence of PS reported in the studies ranged from 32.4% to 90% among all amputees. The sensations of one amputee were shown to completely differ from those of another subject, obviously being related to individual reactivity. A comparative analysis of PS and PP was carried out, their similarities and differences were determined, and relevant relationships detailed; it was revealed that the division into PS and PP is conditional and both phenomena can alternate in one patient. Comparing PS with PP allowed to establish that PS magnitude and brightness can directly correlate with PP severity, with both clinical forms able to mutually transform. Physical and socio-psychological factors have been identified to be associated with PP. The relationship between loss and loss denial as well as underlying psychopathology in PS or PP development was shown.Conclusion. Painless PL is not often described in the literature; therefore, gaining new knowledge on this topic and understanding by doctors regarding diversity of sensations after amputation may be useful both for informing patients about potential painful and painless course of postamputation period and for timely identification of pathological course behind natural painless PL, which may evidence about deep psychotization of amputee's personality.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Актуальность. Фантом, или фантомная конечность, или фантом ампутированных (ФА) – ложное ощущение присутствия утраченной части тела, многогранный и к настоящему времени не полностью исследованный феномен, возникающий после ампутации части тела. До 98–99% пациентов, которым ампутировали конечность, вскоре после операции испытывают ощущения в утраченной части тела: чувствуют тепло или холод, зуд, давление и даже положение фантомной конечности в пространстве. Наиболее часто внимание врачей привлекает болевая форма ФА – фантомные боли (ФБ), или фантомно-болевой синдром, который встречается в 29–85,6% случаев. Но кроме болевой формы ФА существует и более редко описываемая безболевая форма – фантомные ощущения (ФО).Цель: провести обзор публикаций с описаниями клинической картины течения безболевой формы ФА – ФО, выполнить сравнение ФО с ФБ, установить их взаимоотношения. Материал и методы. Выполнен анализ литературных источников, посвященных описанию безболевого ФА, включенных в базы данных PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar, OpenAlex, eLibrary, КиберЛенинка, а также находящихся в Российской государственной библиотеке и Государственной центральной научной медицинской библиотеке. Поиск полнотекстовых публикаций проводился по ключевым словам: “phantom limb sensation”, “non-painful phantom”, “painless phantom”, “natural phantom”, “telescoping phenomenon” в англоязычном сегменте и «фантом ампутированных», «естественный фантом», «фантомная конечность», «безболевой фантом», «фантомные ощущения», «феномен телескопирования» в русскоязычном сегменте.Результаты. Распространенность ФО по результатам исследований составляет от 32,4% до 90% среди всех лиц, перенесших ампутацию. Ощущения одного пациента совершенно не похожи на ощущения другого, что, очевидно, связано с индивидуальной реактивностью. Проведен сравнительный анализ ФО и ФБ, определены их сходства и различия, подробно описаны их взаимоотношения. Выявлено, что деление на ФО и ФБ условно и оба явления могут чередоваться у одного пациента. Сравнение ФО с ФБ позволило установить, что выраженность и яркость ФО может прямо коррелировать с выраженностью ФБ, возможна их взаимная трансформация. Определены факторы, ассоциированные с ФБ: физические и социально-психологические. Показана связь между потерей, отрицанием этой потери и психопатологией при развитии ФО или ФБ.Заключение. Безболевой ФА описывается в литературе нечасто, поэтому получение врачами новых знаний по этой теме и понимание ими разнообразия ощущений после ампутации конечностей может быть полезным как для информирования пациентов о возможном болевом и безболевом течении постампутационного периода, так и для своевременного определения патологии течения естественного безболевого ФА, которая может свидетельствовать о глубокой психотизации личности ампутанта.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фантом ампутированных</kwd><kwd>естественный фантом</kwd><kwd>фантомная конечность</kwd><kwd>безболевой фантом</kwd><kwd>фантомные ощущения</kwd><kwd>феномен телескопирования</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>phantom limb sensation</kwd><kwd>non-painful phantom</kwd><kwd>painless phantom</kwd><kwd>natural phantom</kwd><kwd>telescoping phenomenon</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramachandran V.S., Hirstein W. The perception of phantom limbs. The D.O. Hebb lecture. Brain. 1998; 121 (Pt 9): 1603–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/121.9.1603.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramachandran V.S., Hirstein W. The perception of phantom limbs. The D.O. Hebb lecture. Brain. 1998; 121 (Pt 9): 1603–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/121.9.1603.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latine and compared with the French by Th. Johnson. Available at: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/textidx?c=eebo;idno=A08911.0001.001 (accessed 12.11.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latine and compared with the French by Th. Johnson. Available at: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/textidx?c=eebo;idno=A08911.0001.001 (accessed 12.11.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Корабельников Д.И., Ткаченко Е.В., Магомедалиев М.О. Фантомы и фантомные конечности: история описания феномена. Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния. 2024; 16 (4): 409–16. https://doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2024.219.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korabelnikov D.I., Tkachenko E.V., Magomedaliev M.O. Phantoms and phantom limbs: history of describing the phenomenon. Epilepsia i paroksizmal'nye sostoania / Epilepsy and Paroxysmal Conditions. 2024; 16 (4): 409–16 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2024.219.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бурденко Н.Н. Опыт изучения ампутированных бойцов Красной Армии. М.: Медгиз; 1942: 16 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burdenko N.N. Experience of studying amputated soldiers of the Red Army. Мoscow: Medgiz; 1942: 16 pp. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Черникова Л.Л. О психопатологической структуре фантома у ампутированных. В кн.: Залкинд Э.М. (ред.) Психопатология боевой травмы: сборник трудов. Молотов: Молотовское областное издательство; 1946: 25–33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernikova L.L. On the psychopathological structure of the phantom in amputees. In: Zalkind E.M. (Ed.) Psychopathology of combat trauma: collection of works. Molotov: Molotov Regional Publishing House; 1946: 25–33 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Корабельников Д.И., Ткаченко Е.В., Магомедалиев М.О. Фантомные боли: эпидемиология, этиопатогенез. Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния. 2025; 17 (1): 82–93. https://doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2025.222.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korabelnikov D.I., Tkachenko Е.V., Magomedaliev M.O. Phantom pain: epidemiology and etiopathogenesis. Epilepsia i paroksizmal'nye sostoania / Epilepsy and Paroxysmal Conditions. 2025; 17 (1): 82–93 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2025.222.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Корабельников Д.И., Ткаченко Е.В. Описания фантома ампутированных в литературе. Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния. 2025; [принятая рукопись]. https://doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2025.229.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korabelnikov D.I., Tkachenko Е.V. Descriptions of the phantom limbs in literature. Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions. 2025; [accepted manuscript] (in Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2025.229.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пирогов Н.И. Начала общей военно-полевой хирургии, взятые из наблюдений военно-госпитальной практики и воспоминаний о Крымской войне и Кавказской экспедиции. М., Л.: Медгиз; 1941: 338 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirogov N.I. Principles of general military field surgery, taken from observations of military hospital practice and memories of the Crimean War and the Caucasian expedition. Мoscow, Leningrad: Medgiz; 1941: 338 pp. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stankevicius A., Wallwork S.B., Summers S.J., et al. Prevalence and incidence of phantom limb pain, phantom limb sensations and telescoping in amputees: a systematic rapid review. Eur J Pain. 2021; 25 (1): 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1657.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stankevicius A., Wallwork S.B., Summers S.J., et al. Prevalence and incidence of phantom limb pain, phantom limb sensations and telescoping in amputees: a systematic rapid review. Eur J Pain. 2021; 25 (1): 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1657.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Byrne K.P. Survey of phantom limb pain, phantom sensation and stump pain in Cambodian and New Zealand amputees. Pain Med. 2011; 12 (5): 794–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01105.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Byrne K.P. Survey of phantom limb pain, phantom sensation and stump pain in Cambodian and New Zealand amputees. Pain Med. 2011; 12 (5): 794–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01105.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foell J., Bekrater-Bodmann R., Flor H., Cole J. Phantom limb pain after lower limb trauma: origins and treatments. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2011; 10 (4): 224–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534734611428730.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foell J., Bekrater-Bodmann R., Flor H., Cole J. Phantom limb pain after lower limb trauma: origins and treatments. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2011; 10 (4): 224–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534734611428730.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kern U., Busch V., Rockland M., et al. Prevalence and risk factors of phantom limb pain and phantom limb sensations in Germany. A nationwide field survey. Schmerz. 2009; 23 (5): 479–88 (in German). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482-009-0786-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kern U., Busch V., Rockland M., et al. Prevalence and risk factors of phantom limb pain and phantom limb sensations in Germany. A nationwide field survey. Schmerz. 2009; 23 (5): 479–88 (in German). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482-009-0786-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kooijman C.M., Dijkstra P.U., Geertzen J.H.B., et al. Phantom pain and phantom sensations in upper limb amputees: an epidemiological study. Pain. 2000; 87 (1): 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00264-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kooijman C.M., Dijkstra P.U., Geertzen J.H.B., et al. Phantom pain and phantom sensations in upper limb amputees: an epidemiological study. Pain. 2000; 87 (1): 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00264-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jensen T.S., Krebs B., Nielsen J., Rasmussen P. Non-painful phantom limb phenomena in amputees: incidence, clinical characteristics and temporal course. Acta Neurol Scand. 1984; 70 (6): 407–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1984.tb00845.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jensen T.S., Krebs B., Nielsen J., Rasmussen P. Non-painful phantom limb phenomena in amputees: incidence, clinical characteristics and temporal course. Acta Neurol Scand. 1984; 70 (6): 407–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1984.tb00845.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Злотников М.Д. О фантомных ощущениях и фантомных болях ампутированных. Иваново; 1958: 36 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zlotnikov M.D. On phantom sensations and phantom pains of amputees. Ivanovo; 1958: 36 pp. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бурденко Н.Н. Ампутация, как нейрохирургическая операция. Ч. I. М.: Медгиз; 1942: 62 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burdenko N.N. Amputation as a neurosurgical operation. Part I. Мoscow: Medgiz; 1942: 62 pp. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riddoch G. Phantom limbs and body shape. Brain. 1941; 64 (4): 197–222. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/64.4.197.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riddoch G. Phantom limbs and body shape. Brain. 1941; 64 (4): 197–222. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/64.4.197.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henderson W.R, Smyth G.E. Phantom limbs. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1948; 1 (2): 88–112. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.11.2.88.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Henderson W.R, Smyth G.E. Phantom limbs. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1948; 1 (2): 88–112. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.11.2.88.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лебединский М.С. О болевом синдроме и о частном виде его – фантомных болях. Госпитальное дело. 1947; 7: 15–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lebedinsky M.S. On pain syndrome and its particular type – phantom pains. Gospital'noye delo. 1947; 7: 15–21 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лебединский М.С. Фантом и фантомные боли (предварительное сообщение). Костная пластика: ампутация и протезирование. В кн.: Приоров Н.Н. (ред.) Труды Центрального института травматологии и ортопедии Министерства здравоохранения СССР. Свердловск: Медгиз; 1947: 91–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lebedinsky M.S. Phantom and phantom pains (preliminary report). Bone plastic surgery: amputation and prosthetics. In: Priorov N.N. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Central Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of the USSR Ministry of Health. Sverdlovsk: Medgiz; 1947: 91–7 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шмидт Е.В. Фантом ампутированных: клиника, патогенез, лечение. М.: Медгиз; 1948: 64 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmidt E.V. Phantom of the amputated: clinical features, pathogenesis, treatment. Мoscow: Medgiz; 1948: 64 pp. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Bogaert L. On the pathology of self-image. Ann Medicopsychol. 1934; 14 (2): 519 (in French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Bogaert L. On the pathology of self-image. Ann Medicopsychol. 1934; 14 (2): 519 (in French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Залкинд Э.М. О структуре фантома и психопатологической синдромов у ампутированных. В кн.: Залкинд Э.М. (ред.) Психопатология боевой травмы: сборник трудов. Молотов: Молотовское областное издательство; 1946: 5–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zalkind E.M. Of the phantom structure and psychopathological syndrome it amputee. In: Zalkind E.M. (Ed.) Psychopathology of combat trauma: collection of works. Molotov: Molotov Regional Publishing House; 1946: 5–24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Татаренко Н.П. К психопатологии и патофизиологии фантома свежеампутированных. Киев: Госмедиздат УССР; 1952: 155 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tatarenko N.P. On psychopathology and pathophysiology of the phantom of freshly amputated. Kiev: Gosmedizdat UkSSR; 1952: 155 pp. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leriche R. Pain from amputation stumps. La Presse Medicale. 1932; 40: 869–73 (in French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leriche R. Pain from amputation stumps. La Presse Medicale. 1932; 40: 869–73 (in French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Логачев К.Д. Ампутационные боли, фантом и их происхождение. Вопросы нейротравматологии и психоневрологии. 1941; 1: 55–71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Logachev K.D. Amputation pain, phantom and its origin. Voprosy neyrotravmatologii i psikhonevrologii. 1941; 1: 55–71 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Молотков А.Г. Фантомные ощущения и фантомные боли после ампутаций, их патогенез и лечение. Лечение огнестрельных ранений периферических нервов. В кн.: Верховский Д.Н. (ред.) Труды Конференции нейрохирургов и невропатологов Ленинградского фронта. 7–8 апреля 1945 г. Л.: Ленинградский нейрохирургический институт; 1947: 39–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molotkov A.G. Phantom sensations and phantom pains after amputations, their pathogenesis and treatment. Treatment of gunshot wounds of peripheral nerves. In: Verkhovsky D.N. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Conference of Neurosurgeons and Neuropathologists of the Leningrad Front. April 7–8, 1945. Leningrad: Leningrad Neurosurgical Institute; 1947: 39–53 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лебединский М.С. К вопросу о фантомах и ампутационных болях у раненых. В кн.: Санитарная служба в дни Отечественной войны: травматические поражения центральной и периферической нервной системы. Тюмень; 1943: 187–91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lebedinsky M.S. On the issue of phantoms and amputation pain in the wounded. In: Sanitary service during the Patriotic War: traumatic lesions of the central and peripheral nervous system. Tyumen; 1943: 187–91 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katz D. On the psychology of the amputee and his prosthesis. Leipzig; 1921: 118 pp. (in German).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katz D. On the psychology of the amputee and his prosthesis. Leipzig; 1921: 118 pp. (in German).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ризе В. О так называемой «воображаемой руке» ампутированных. Невропатология и психиатрия. 1927; 6: 595–604.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rize V. On the so-called “imaginary hand” of amputees. Nevropatologiya i psikhiatriya. 1927; 6: 595–604 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Charcot J.M. Physiology and pathology of the stump in a man with a left arm amputated. In: Tuesday Lessons at the Salpetriere, 1888, July 18. Paris; Delahaye and Lecrosmier: 344–55 (in French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Charcot J.M. Physiology and pathology of the stump in a man with a left arm amputated. In: Tuesday Lessons at the Salpetriere, 1888, July 18. Paris; Delahaye and Lecrosmier: 344–55 (in French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simmel M.L. On phantom limbs. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1956; 75 (6): 637–47. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurpsyc.1956.02330240075007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simmel M.L. On phantom limbs. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1956; 75 (6): 637–47. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurpsyc.1956.02330240075007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ризе В. О реальности фантома после ампутации конечностей. Московский медицинский журнал. 1928; 9: 104–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rize V. On the reality of the phantom after limb amputation. Moskovskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal. 1928; 9: 104–9 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клыков М.А. Значение фантома ампутированных в овладении протезами. Томск; 1951: 38 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klykov M.A. The importance of the phantom of the amputated in mastering prostheses. Tomsk; 1951: 38 pp. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parkes C.M. Factors determining the persistence of phantom pain in the amputee. J Psychosom Res. 1973; 17 (2): 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(73)90010-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parkes C.M. Factors determining the persistence of phantom pain in the amputee. J Psychosom Res. 1973; 17 (2): 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(73)90010-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mouratoglou V.M. Amputees and phantom limb pain: a literature review. Physiotherapy Practice. 1986; 2 (4): 177–85. https://doi.org/10.3109/09593988609037749.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mouratoglou V.M. Amputees and phantom limb pain: a literature review. Physiotherapy Practice. 1986; 2 (4): 177–85. https://doi.org/10.3109/09593988609037749.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitchell S.W. Neural maladies of stumps, in injuries of nerves and their consequences. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott; 1872.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitchell S.W. Neural maladies of stumps, in injuries of nerves and their consequences. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott; 1872.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schilder P. The body schema. Berlin: Verlag Iulius Springer; 1923: 97 pp. (in German).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schilder P. The body schema. Berlin: Verlag Iulius Springer; 1923: 97 pp. (in German).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lechler C. Treatment of painful amputation stumps. La Presse Medicale. 1940; 62–3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lechler C. Treatment of painful amputation stumps. La Presse Medicale. 1940; 62–3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ewalt J.R., Randall G.C., Morris H. The phantom limb. Psychosomat Med. 1947; 9 (2): 118–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-194703000-00006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ewalt J.R., Randall G.C., Morris H. The phantom limb. Psychosomat Med. 1947; 9 (2): 118–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-194703000-00006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mortimer C.M., Steedman W.M., McMillan I.R., et al. Patient information on phantom limb pain: a focus group study of patient experiences, perceptions and opinions. Health Educ Res. 2002; 17 (3): 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/17.3.291.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mortimer C.M., Steedman W.M., McMillan I.R., et al. Patient information on phantom limb pain: a focus group study of patient experiences, perceptions and opinions. Health Educ Res. 2002; 17 (3): 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/17.3.291.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
