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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">epilepsia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2077-8333</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2311-4088</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2025.250</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">epilepsia-1252</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>“To feed or not to feed?”: assessing long-term effects of breastfeeding on mental development of children from mothers with epilepsy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>«Кормить или не кормить?»: оценка долгосрочных эффектов грудного вскармливания на психическое развитие детей матерей, страдающих эпилепсией</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4183-8171</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлова</surname><given-names>Н. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailova</surname><given-names>N. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михайлова Надежда Федоровна, к.пс.н.</p><p>Университетская наб., д. 7–9, Санкт-Петербург 199034</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda F. Mikhailova, PhD </p><p>7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., Saint Petersburg 199034</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mikhailova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3985-5060</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краско</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasko</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Краско Анастасия Сергеевна</p><p>Университетская наб., д. 7–9, Санкт-Петербург 199034</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia S. Krasko</p><p>7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., Saint Petersburg 199034</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7186-0054</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Одинцова</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Odintsova</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Одинцова Галина Вячеславовна, к.м.н.</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: G-8940-2012</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 55510371000</p><p>ул. Маяковского, д. 12, Санкт-Петербург 191014</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Galina V. Odintsova, PhD</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: G-8940-2012</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 55510371000</p><p>12 Mayakovsky Str., Saint Petersburg 191014</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ларина</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Larina</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ларина Ирина Владимировна</p><p>наб. Обводного канала, д. 9, лит. А, Санкт-Петербург 192029</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina V. Larina</p><p>9 lit. A Obvodnoy Channel Emb., Saint Petersburg 192029</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7700-2704</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михайлов Владимир Алексеевич, д.м.н.</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: B-3272-2017</p><p>ул. Бехтерева, д. 3, Санкт-Петербург 192019</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir A. Mikhailov, Dr. Sci. Med.</p><p>3 Bekhterev Str., Saint Petersburg 192019</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский научно-исследовательский нейрохирургический институт им. профессора А.Л. Поленова – филиал Федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Polenov Neurosurgical Institute – branch of Almazov National Medical Research Center</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Городской эпилептологический центр Санкт-Петербургского государственного казенного учреждения здравоохранения «Городская психиатрическая больница № 6 (стационар с диспансером)»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Epileptology Center, City Psychiatric Hospital No. 6 (Hospital with Dispensary)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии им. В.М. Бехтерева» Министерства здравоохранения&#13;
Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>351</fpage><lpage>370</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Mikhailova N.F., Krasko A.S., Odintsova G.V., Larina I.V., Mikhailov V.A., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Михайлова Н.Ф., Краско А.С., Одинцова Г.В., Ларина И.В., Михайлов В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mikhailova N.F., Krasko A.S., Odintsova G.V., Larina I.V., Mikhailov V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/1252">https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/1252</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Traditionally, the influence of maternal intake of antiepileptic drugs during breastfeeding has been studied in terms of their concentration in breast milk and infant serum, whereas their long-term consequences for child development have not been assessed. In this regard, no comparison has been made of the further mental development and adaptation of children who were breastfed and formula-fed, which is why the issue of breastfeeding safety while receiving antiepileptic therapy remains controversial to this day. Nor the development of children born to mothers with epilepsy, delivered naturally and by cesarean section, has been compared as well. Meanwhile, these two issues (the choice of delivery method and type of feeding) are of vital importance for such women.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: To study an influence of intranatal and neonatal factors on the mental development of children born to mothers with epilepsy.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. A study investigating the impact of intranatal (delivery routes) and neonatal (feeding type) factors on the mental development of children born to mothers with epilepsy was conducted by enrolling 176 participants: 88 children aged 3–9 years and paired mothers suffering from epilepsy. The following methods were used: forms for parents – Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) by T. Achenbach, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other behavioral dysfunction questionnaire modified by N.N. Zavadenko, as well as Luria neuropsychological batteries by J.M. Glozman, and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WSIC). A detailed history of the mother’s illness and early child development was also collected. Statistical data processing was performed in the IBM SPSS using Pearson's χ2 coefficient, nonparametric U Mann–Whitney criterion, multivariate analysis of variance, correlation, regression analysis, and moderator analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Children born by cesarean section subsequently exhibited more pronounced motor awkwardness, speech development delays, difficulties with voluntary attention concentration, and handling numerical material. Children who were breastfed subsequently had less severe emotional and volitional disorders, as well as better developed subject gnosis, reciprocal coordination, spontaneous speech, understanding of addressed speech and speech logic, as well as non-verbal intelligence. Regression analysis showed that artificial feeding in combination with prenatal risk factors (maternal epileptic seizures before and during pregnancy, anemia, valproic acid intake) has important prognostic significance in developing emotional and volitional disorders, delays in the development of praxis, gnosis, spontaneous speech, understanding of addressed speech, as well as functional underdevelopment of the left temporal lobe in children.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Breastfeeding can be considered as a moderator that reduces the negative impact of anemia on further neurocognitive development of children born to mothers with epilepsy.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Традиционно влияние приема матерью антиэпилептических препаратов в период грудного вскармливания изучалось с точки зрения их концентрации в грудном молоке, сыворотке крови младенца. Отдаленные последствия для развития ребенка не оценивались, не проводилось сравнений дальнейшего психического развития и адаптации детей, находящихся на искусственном и грудном вскармливании. В связи с этим вопрос безопасности кормления ребенка грудным молоком на фоне антиэпилептической терапии остается дискуссионным до сих пор. Также не сопоставлялось развитие детей, рожденных матерями с эпилепсией естественным путем и с помощью кесарева сечения. Между тем эти две проблемы (выбор пути родоразрешения и тип вскармливания) имеют жизненно важное значение.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: изучение влияния интранатальных и неонатальных факторов на психическое развитие детей, рожденных матерями с эпилепсией.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Проведено исследование влияния интранатальных (пути родоразрешения) и неонатальных (тип вскармливания) факторов на психическое развитие детей, рожденных матерями с эпилепсией. В нем приняли участие 176 человек: 88 детей в возрасте 3–9 лет и их матери, страдающие эпилепсией. В качестве методов использовались формы для родителей – Контрольный лист поведения ребенка Т. Ахенбаха и анкета для выявления симптомов синдрома дефицита внимания и гиперактивности и других поведенческих расстройств Н.Н. Заваденко, а также Луриевские батареи нейропсихологических тестов Ж.М. Глозман и методика исследования интеллекта Д. Векслера. Кроме того, неврологами собран подробный клинический анамнез заболевания матери и раннего развития ребенка. Статистическая обработка данных проводилась в программе IBM SPSS с использованием коэффициента χ2 Пирсона, непараметрического критерия U Манна–Уитни, двухфакторного дисперсионного, корреляционного, регрессионного видов анализа и анализа модераторов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. У детей, рожденных путем кесарева сечения, в дальнейшем отмечались более выраженная моторная неловкость, задержка в развитии речи, трудности концентрации произвольного внимания и оперирования числовым материалом. У детей, находившихся на грудном вскармливании, в дальнейшем были менее выражены эмоциональноволевые нарушения, а также лучше развиты предметный гнозис, реципрокная координация, спонтанная речь, понимание обращенной речи и логики речи, а также невербальный интеллект. Регрессионный анализ показал, что искусственное вскармливание в сочетании с факторами риска пренатального периода (эпилептические приступы до и во время беременности, анемия, прием вальпроевой кислоты) имеет большое прогностическое значение в формировании у детей эмоционально-волевых расстройств, задержек в развитии праксиса, гнозиса, спонтанной речи, понимания обращенной речи, а также синдрома функциональной несформированности левой височной доли.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Грудное вскармливание можно рассматривать в качестве модератора, снижающего негативное влияние анемии на дальнейшее нейрокогнитивное развитие детей, рожденных матерями с эпилепсией.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эпилепсия</kwd><kwd>грудное вскармливание</kwd><kwd>кесарево сечение</kwd><kwd>нейропсихологическая диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>epilepsy</kwd><kwd>breastfeeding</kwd><kwd>cesarean section</kwd><kwd>neuropsychological diagnosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карлов В.А. Эпилепсия у детей и взрослых женщин и мужчин. Руководство для врачей. 2-е изд. М.: Бином; 2019: 717 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karlov V.A. Epilepsy in children and adult women and men. A guide for doctors. 2nd ed. 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