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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">epilepsia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2077-8333</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2311-4088</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2026.259</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">epilepsia-1317</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The analysis and interpretation of trajectories and patterns of autism symptom development in children</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анализ и интерпретация траекторий и паттернов развития симптомов аутизма у детей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9822-1914</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ткачева</surname><given-names>Л. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tkacheva</surname><given-names>L. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ткачева Любовь Олеговна - к.пс.н., доцент.</p><p>Университетская наб., д. 7/9, Санкт-Петербург 199034</p><p>WoS ResearcherID G-4484-2015, Scopus Author ID 56516658600</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyubov O. Tkacheva - PhD, Assoc. Prof.</p><p>7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., Saint Petersburg 199034</p><p>WoS ResearcherID G-4484-2015, Scopus Author ID 56516658600</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-3184</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Наследов</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nasledov</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наследов Андрей Дмитриевич - к.м.н., доцент.</p><p>Университетская наб., д. 7/9, Санкт-Петербург 199034</p><p>WoS ResearcherID K-1361-2014, Scopus Author ID 6506644008</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey D. Nasledov - PhD, Assoc. Prof.</p><p>7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., Saint Petersburg 199034</p><p>WoS ResearcherID K-1361-2014, Scopus Author ID 6506644008</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2666-3529</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Защиринская</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zashchirinskaia</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Защиринская Оксана Владимировна - д.пс.н., проф.</p><p>Университетская наб., д. 7/9, Санкт-Петербург 199034; наб. реки Фонтанки, д. 15, Санкт-Петербург 191011; наб. реки Мойки, д. 48, Санкт-Петербург 191181</p><p>Scopus Author ID 56600705500</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oksana V. Zashchirinskaia - Dr. Sci. Psych., Prof.</p><p>7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., Saint Petersburg 199034; 15 Fontanka River Emb., Saint Petersburg 191011; 48 Moika River Emb., Saint Petersburg 191181</p><p>Scopus Author ID 56600705500</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zaoks@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7079-0624</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мирошников</surname><given-names>С. A.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Miroshnikov</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мирошников Сергей Александрович - к.пс.н.</p><p>Университетская наб., д. 7/9, Санкт-Петербург 199034; Гражданский пр-т, д. 83/4, Санкт-Петербург 195257</p><p>Scopus Author ID 57205473863</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey A. Miroshnikov - PhD.</p><p>7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., Saint Petersburg 199034; 83/4 Grazhdansky Ave., Saint Petersburg 195257</p><p>Scopus Author ID 57205473863</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8985-8227</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авакян</surname><given-names>Г. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avakian</surname><given-names>G. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Авакян Георгий Гагикович - д.м.н., доцент.</p><p>ул. Островитянова, д. 1, стр. 7, Москва 117513; Мичуринский пр-т, д. 74, Москва 119602; ул. Островитянова, д. 1, стр. 10, Москва 117513</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Georgy G. Avakyan - Dr. Sci. Med., Assoc. Prof.</p><p>1 bldg 7 Ostrovityanov Str., Moscow 117513; 74, Michurinsky Ave., Moscow 119602; 1 bldg 10 Ostrovityanov Str., Moscow 117513</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»; Автономное некоммерческое высшее учебное заведение «Русская христианская гуманитарная академия им. Ф.М. Достоевского»; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский государственный педагогический университет им. А.И. Герцена»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg State University; Dostoevsky Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy; Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»; Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «Лонгитюд»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg State University; Longitud LLC</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения г. Москвы «Научно-практический центр детской психоневрологии» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы; Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Scientific and Practical Center for Pediatric Psychoneurology; Federal Center for Brain and Neurotechnology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>28</fpage><lpage>37</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Tkacheva L.O., Nasledov A.D., Zashchirinskaia O.V., Miroshnikov S.A., Avakian G.G., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ткачева Л.О., Наследов А.Д., Защиринская О.В., Мирошников С.A., Авакян Г.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tkacheva L.O., Nasledov A.D., Zashchirinskaia O.V., Miroshnikov S.A., Avakian G.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/1317">https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/1317</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Due to the high prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and the dependence of prognosis on intervention time, the development of factor models for autistic symptoms in preschool childhood is an urgent area of research. Comparing autism symptoms multifactorial models obtained using structural equation modeling for preschoolers with autism of different age groups is valuable because it provides information that cannot be covered by studying a single age group.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: To compare the factor patterns for ASD symptoms in children aged 3–4 and 5–7 years to identify autism development trajectories.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Since autism symptoms pattern changes as children develop, comparing factor models allows to identify age-related indicators and use more accurate diagnostic criteria adapted to each age group for improving sensitivity and specificity of early autism diagnosis and optimize corrective interventions. Within the years 2023–2024, 7-factor and 8-factor models for autism symptoms, respectively, were obtained in 3–4-year-old (n=294) and 5–6-year-old (n=374) ASD children. The data in both studies were collected by specialists who worked with the patients on a regular basis by filling out the online questionnaires.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. When comparing two autism factor models, it was found that the identified factor pattern, which includes three groups of symptoms for young children, was dramatically changed in older children. With age, the relationship between specific symptoms and the underlying factors has significantly increased and become more complex. For younger children, the identified 7-factor pattern consists of three unrelated groups of symptoms: communication problems (including factors such as emotional dysregulation, speech understanding, echolalia, alienation), persistence on sameness with sensory disintegration and hyperactivity/disinhibition. For older children, the 8-factor pattern has developed into three other groups of relatively independent but related symptoms: the verbal group (including factors of speech understanding and empathy), praxis disorders (including factors such as hyperactivity, emotional dysregulation, motor disorders) and sensory disintegration (including factors such as persistence on sameness, sensory disintegration and echolalia).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Speech and motor development are two lead symptoms that deserve special attention from specialists. By understanding how the pattern of ASD symptoms and factor load change throughout preschool age, researchers can improve existing diagnostic tools to increase their accuracy and effectiveness in detecting autism at different ages and develop targeted intervention strategies.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. В связи с высокой распространенностью расстройств аутистического спектра (РАС) и зависимостью прогноза от времени вмешательства разработка факторных моделей аутистических симптомов в дошкольном детстве является актуальной областью исследования. Сравнение многофакторных моделей симптомов аутизма, полученных с помощью моделирования структурными уравнениями для дошкольников с аутизмом разных возрастных групп ценно, поскольку позволяет получить информацию, которую не могут охватить исследования, проведенные на отдельной возрастной группе.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: сравнение факторных структур симптомов РАС у детей в возрасте 3–4 и 5–7 лет для выявления траекторий развития аутизма.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Поскольку структура симптомов аутизма изменяется по мере развития детей, сравнение факторных моделей позволяет выявить возрастные показатели и использовать более точные диагностические критерии, адаптированные к каждой возрастной группе, чтобы повысить чувствительность и специфичность ранней диагностики аутизма и оптимизировать коррекционные вмешательства. За период 2023–2024 гг. на детях дошкольного возраста с РАС 3–4 лет (n=294) и 5–6 лет (n=374) были получены, соответственно, 7-факторная и 8-факторная модели симптомов аутизма. Методология сбора данных была аналогична в обоих исследованиях, данные собирались специалистами, работавшими с участниками исследования на регулярной основе путем заполнения онлайн-анкет.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. При сопоставлении двух факторных моделей аутизма обнаружилось, что выявленная факторная структура, включающая три группы симптомов для детей младшего возраста, претерпела значительные изменения у старших детей. С возрастом существенно усилилась и усложнилась взаимосвязь между конкретными симптомами и факторами, лежащими в их основе. Для младших детей выявленная 7-факторная структура состоит из трех не связанных между собой групп симптомов: проблемы в общении (включая такие факторы, как эмоциональная дисрегуляция, понимание речи, эхолалия, отчуждение), настойчивость на одинаковости с сенсорной дезинтеграцией и гиперактивность/расторможенность. Для старших детей 8-факторная структура сложилась в три другие группы относительно самостоятельных, но связанных между собой симптомов: вербальная группа (включая факторы понимания речи и эмпатию), нарушения праксиса (включая гиперактивность, эмоциональную дисрегуляцию, моторное развитие) и сенсорная дезинтеграция (включая настойчивость на одинаковости, сенсорную дезинтеграцию и эхолалию).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Особого внимания специалистов заслуживают два ведущих симптома – речевое и моторное развитие. Понимая, как структура симптомов РАС и факторная нагрузка меняются на протяжении дошкольного возраста, исследователи могут усовершенствовать существующие диагностические инструменты, чтобы повысить их точность и эффективность при выявлении аутизма в разном возрасте и разработать стратегии целенаправленного вмешательства.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аутизм</kwd><kwd>расстройство аутистического спектра</kwd><kwd>факторная модель симптомов аутизма</kwd><kwd>траектория развития</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>autism</kwd><kwd>autism spectrum disorder</kwd><kwd>factor model of autism symptoms</kwd><kwd>developmental trajectory</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-18-00155 «Исследование прогнозных индикаторов расстройств аутистического спектра у детей дошкольного возраста» (https://www.rscf.ru/project/23-18-00155)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation No. 23-18-00155 "Study of predictive indicators of autism spectrum disorders in preschool children" (https://www.rscf.ru/project/23-18-00155)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson V., Northam E., Wrennall J. 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