epilepsiaEpilepsy and paroxysmal conditionsЭпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния2077-83332311-4088IRBIS LLCepilepsia-32Research ArticleORIGINAL ARTICLESОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИPROBABLE ANTICONVULSIVE MECHANISMS OF REPETITIVE TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION AND PREDICTORS OF ITS EFFECTIVITYВОЗМОЖНЫЕ ПРОТИВОСУДОРОЖНЫЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ РИТМИЧЕСКОЙ ТРАНСКРАНИАЛЬНОЙ МАГНИТНОЙ СТИМУЛЯЦИИ И ПРЕДИКТОРЫ ЕЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИКистеньО. В.KistenO. V.ЕвстигнеевВ. В.EvstigneevV. V.Белорусская медицинская академия последипломного образования, МинскБеларусьBelarusian medical academy of postgraduate education, MinskBelarus201401062016611926Copyright © Kisten O.V., Evstigneev V.V., 20162016Кистень О.В., Евстигнеев В.В.Kisten O.V., Evstigneev V.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/32

Abstract: the data of analysis of probable anticonvulsive mechanisms of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are presented on the article. The analysis bases on review of scientific publications and proper researches. Clinical, neurophysiological and neurovisualization predictors of complex therapy with rTMS course effectivity are interpreted what permit to prognoses the outcomes of new technology using and lead stimulation with reliable result of effectivity. 

В статье приведены результаты анализа возможных механизмов противосудорожного действия ритмической транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции (рТМС), основанного на данных обзора научных публикаций и собственных исследований. Представлены клинические, нейрофизиологические и нейровизуализационные предикторы эффективности сочетанной терапии с курсом рТМС, позволяющие прогнозировать исходы применения новой технологии и проводить стимуляцию с надежным результатом ее эффективности.

эпилепсияритмическая транскраниальная магнитная стимуляцияпротивосудорожные механизмыпредикторы противосудорожной эффективностиepilepsyrepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulationanticonvulsantsanticonvulsive mechanismsanticonvulsive effectivity predictorsReferencesВласов П.Н. Некоторые практические аспекты терапии эпилепсии у взрослых. Consilium medicum. 2004; 6 (2): 116-124.Vlasov P.N. Nekotorye prakticheskie aspekty terapii jepilepsii u vzroslyh. Consilium medicum. 2004; 6 (2): 116-124.Воронкова К.В., Пылаева О.А., Косякова Е.С. и др. Современные принципы терапии эпилепсии. Журн. неврол психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова 2010; 6: 24-36.Voronkova K.V., Pylaeva O.A., Kosjakova E.S. i dr. Sovremennye principy terapii jepilepsii. Zhurn. nevrol psihiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 2010; 6: 24-36.Гехт А.Б. Современные стандарты ведения больных эпилепсией и основные принципы лечения. Consilium Medicum [Электронный ресурс]. 2000; 2 (2). Режим доступа: http://www.consilium-medicum.com/media/consilium/n02/70.shtml. Дата доступа: 17.12.2011.Geht A.B. Sovremennye standarty vedenija bolnyh jepilepsiej i osnovnye principy lechenija. Consilium Medicum [Jelektronnyj resurs]. 2000; 2 (2). Rezhim dostupa: http://www.consilium–medicum.com/media/consilium/n02/70.shtml. Data dostupa: 17.12.2011.Гимранов Р.Ф. Транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция. М., 2002. 163 с.Gimranov R.F. Transkranialnaja magnitnaja stimuljacija. M., 2002. 163 s.Гусев Е.И., Белоусов Ю.Б., Гехт А.Б. и др. Лечение эпилепсии: рациональное дозирование антиконвульсантов. СПб. 2000; 201 с.Gusev E.I., Belousov Ju.B., Geht A.B. i dr. Lechenie jepilepsii: racionalnoe dozirovanie antikonvulsantov. SPb. 2000; 201 s.Евстигнеев В.В., Кистень О.В. Качество жизни – индикатор эффективности сочетанной терапии эпилепсии низкими дозами антиконвульсантов и транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции. Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния. 2012; 4 (3): 41-47.Evstigneev V.V., Kisten O.V. Kachestvo zhizni – indikator jeffektivnosti sochetannoj terapii jepilepsii nizkimi dozami antikonvulsantov i transkranialnoj magnitnoj stimuljacii. Jepilepsija i paroksizmalnye sostojanija. 2012; 4 (3): 41-47.Евстигнеев В.В., Кистень О.В. Транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция в комплексной терапии эпилепсии. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2013; 7 (2): 20-26.Evstigneev V.V., Kisten O.V. Transkranialnaja magnitnaja stimuljacija v kompleksnoj terapii jepilepsii. Annaly klinicheskoj i jeksperi-mentalnoj nevrologii. 2013; 7 (2): 20-26.Зенков Л.Р. Клиническая эпилептология. М. 2010; 308 с.Zenkov L.R. Klinicheskaja jepileptologija. M. 2010; 308 s.Кистень О.В., Евстигнеев В.В., Улащик В.С., Дубовик Б.В. Транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция в диагностике и лечении эпилепсии. Новости медико-биологических наук. 2009; 4: 99-108.Kisten O.V., Evstigneev V.V., Ulashhik V.S., Dubovik B.V. Transkranialnaja magnitnaja stimuljacija v diagnostike i lechenii jepilepsii. Novosti mediko-biologicheskih nauk. 2009; 4: 99-108.Кистень О.В. Роль импульсных магнитных полей в повышении порога судорожной готовности мозга. ArsMedica. 2011; 6 (42): 59-64.Kisten O.V. Rol impulsnyh magnitnyh polej v povyshenii poroga sudorozhnoj gotovnosti mozga. ArsMedica. 2011; 6 (42): 59-64.Кистень О.В. Эффекты ритмической транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции в пикротоксиновой модели судорог. Новости медико-биологических наук. 2011; 4 (4): 160-171.Kisten O.V. Jeffekty ritmicheskoj transkranialnoj magnitnoj stimuljacii v pikrotoksinovoj modeli sudorog. Novosti mediko-biologicheskih nauk. 2011; 4 (4): 160-171.Кистень О.В., Евстигнеев В.В., Дубовик Б.В. Экспериментальное обоснование сочетанного применения ритмической транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции и антиконвульсантов. Медицинские новости. 2012; 1: 83-88.Kisten O.V., Evstigneev V.V., Dubovik B.V. Jeksperimentalnoe obosnovanie sochetannogo primenenija ritmicheskoj transkranialnoj magnitnoj stimuljacii i antikonvulsantov. Medicinskie novosti. 2012; 1: 83-88.Кистень О.В. Эффективность транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции в коразоловой модели эпилепсии. Новости медико--биологических наук. 2012; 5 (1): 38-48.Kisten O.V. Jeffektivnost transkranialnoj magnitnoj stimuljacii v korazolovoj modeli jepilepsii. Novosti mediko-biologicheskih nauk. 2012; 5 (1): 38-48.Кистень О.В., Евстигнеев В.В. Клиническая характеристика эффективности сочетанного применения транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции и антиконвульсантов в терапии эпилепсии. 2012; 8 (63): 150-160.Kisten O.V., Evstigneev V.V. Klinicheskaja harakteristika jeffektivnosti sochetannogo primenenija transkranialnoj magnitnoj stimuljacii i antikonvulsantov v terapii jepilepsii. 2012; 8 (63): 150-160.Кистень О.В. Оценка эффективности транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции у пациентов с эпилепсией по параметрам мигательного рефлекса. 2012; 8 (63): 142-149.Kisten O.V. Ocenka jeffektivnosti transkranialnoj magnitnoj stimuljacii u pacientov s jepilepsiej po parametram migatelnogo refleksa. 2012; 8 (63): 142-149.Кистень О.В., Улащик В.С., Евстигнеев В.В. Противосудорожное действие импульсных магнитных полей в электрошоковой модели. Физиотерапия, бальнеология и реабилитация. 2012; 4: 9-13.Kisten O.V., Ulashhik V.S., Evstigneev V.V. Protivosudorozhnoe dejstvie impulsnyh magnitnyh polej v jelektroshokovoj modeli. Fizioterapija, balneologija i reabilitacija. 2012; 4: 9-13.Кистень О.В., Евстигнеев В.В. Нейрометаболические эффекты ритмической транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции у пациентов с эпилепсией по данным протонной магнитно-резонансной спектроскопии. Международный неврологический журнал. 2013; 3 (57): 46-52.Kisten O.V., Evstigneev V.V. Nejrometabolicheskie jeffekty ritmicheskoj transkranialnoj magnitnoj stimuljacii u pacientov s jepilepsiej po dannym protonnoj magnitno-rezonansnoj spektroskopii. Mezhdunarodnyj nevrologicheskij zhurnal. 2013; 3 (57): 46-52.Мухин К.Ю. Петрухин А.С., Рыкова Е.А. Побочные эффекты антиконвульсантов при лечении идиопатической генерализованной эпилепсии. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 1997; 7: 25-31.Muhin K.Ju. Petruhin A.S., Rykova E.A. Pobochnye jeffekty antikonvulsantov pri lechenii idiopaticheskoj generalizovannoj jepilepsii. Zhurnal nevrologii i psihiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 1997; 7: 25-31.Никитин С. С., Куренков А. Л. Магнитная стимуляция в диагностике и лечении болезней нервной системы. М. 2003; 378 с.Nikitin S. S., Kurenkov A. L. Magnitnaja stimuljacija v diagnostike i lechenii boleznej nervnoj sistemy. M. 2003; 378 s.Одинак М.М., Базилевич С.Н., Дыскин Д.Е., Прокудин М.Ю. Возможности и опыт применения функциональных методов нейровизуализации в эпилептологии. Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния. 2010; 2 (3): 45-50.Odinak M.M., Bazilevich S.N., Dyskin D.E., Prokudin M.Ju. Vozmozhnosti i opyt primenenija funkcionalnyh metodov nejrovizualizacii v jepileptologii. Jepilepsija i paroksizmalnye sostojanija. 2010; 2 (3): 45-50.Akamatsu N. Fueta Y., Endo Y. et al. Decreased susceptibility to pentylenetet-razol-induced seizures after low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 2001; 310 (3): 153-156.Anschel D.J., Pascual¬Leone A., Holms G.L. Anti¬kindling effect of slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2003; 351 (1): 9¬12.Anschel D.J., Pascual-Leone A., Holms G.L. Anti-kindling effect of slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2003; 351 (1): 9-12.Kistsen V., Evstigneev V., Dubovik B., Kravchenko E., Ulashchic V. Anticonvulsive effects of experimental transcranial magnetic stimulation. Nonlinear Phenomena in Complex Systems. 2011; 14 (3): 269¬277.Kistsen V., Evstigneev V., Dubovik B., Kravchenko E., Ulashchic V. Anticonvulsive effects of experimental transcranial magnetic stimulation. Nonlinear Phenomena in Complex Systems. 2011; 14 (3): 269-277.Babb T.L. Brown W.J. Pathological Findings in Epilepsy. Surgical Treatment of the Epilepsies. Ed. by J. Jr. Engel. N. Y., 1987: 511¬540.Babb T.L. Brown W.J. Pathological Findings in Epilepsy. Surgical Treatment of the Epilep-sies. Ed. by J. Jr. Engel. N. Y., 1987: 511-540.Brodie M.J., Kwan P. Staged approach to epilepsy management. Neurology. 2002; 58 (5): 2¬8.Brodie M.J., Kwan P. Staged approach to epilepsy management. Neurology. 2002; 58 (5): 2-8.Brodie M.J., Schachter S.C., Kwan P. Fast Facts: Epilepsy. Oxford. 2005. 127 p.Brodie M.J., Schachter S.C., Kwan P. Fast Facts: Epilepsy. Oxford. 2005. 127 p.Cantello R. Rossi S., Varrasi C. et al. Slow Repetitive TMS for Drug¬resistant Epilepsy: Clinical and EEG Findings of a Placebo¬controlled Trial. Epilepsy. 2007; 48: 366¬374.Cantello R. Rossi S., Varrasi C. et al. Slow Repetitive TMS for Drug-resistant Epilepsy: Clinical and EEG Findings of a Placebo-controlled Trial. Epilepsy. 2007; 48: 366-374.Chen R., Wassermann E.M., Hallett M. Depression of motor cortex excitability by low¬frequency transcranial magnetic stimu¬lation. Neurology. 1997; 48 (5): 1398¬1403.Chen R., Wassermann E.M., Hallett M. Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimu-lation. Neurology. 1997; 48 (5): 1398-1403.Kwan P., Arzimanoglou A., Berg A.T., Brodie M.J. et al. Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: Consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia. 2010; 51 (6): 1069¬1077.Kwan P., Arzimanoglou A., Berg A.T., Brodie M.J. et al. Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: Consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia. 2010; 51 (6): 1069-1077.Erhardt A. Sillaber I., Welt T. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Increases the Release of Dopamine in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell of Morphine¬Sensitized Rats During Abstinence. Neuropsychophar¬macology. 2000; 29: 2074¬2080.Erhardt A. Sillaber I., Welt T. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Increases the Release of Dopamine in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell of Morphine-Sensitized Rats During Abstinence. Neuropsychophar-macology. 2000; 29: 2074-2080.Fleischmann A., Steppel J., Leon A. The effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation compared with electroconvulsive shock on rat apomorphine¬induced stereotypy. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1994; 4: 449¬450.Fleischmann A., Steppel J., Leon A. The effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation compared with electroconvulsive shock on rat apomorphine-induced stereotypy. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1994; 4: 449-450.Fleischmann A., Sternheim A., Fleischmann A., Etgen A.M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation downregulates beta¬adrenoreceptors in rat cortex. J. Neural Transm. 1996; 103: 1361¬1366.Fleischmann A., Sternheim A., Fleischmann A., Etgen A.M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation downregulates beta-adrenoreceptors in rat cortex. J. Neural Transm. 1996; 103: 1361-1366.Funke K., Ben¬Ali A. Modulation of Cortical Inhibition by rTMS – Findings Obtaned from Animal Models. J. Physiol. 2011; 589: 4423¬4435.Funke K., Ben-Ali A. Modulation of Cortical Inhibition by rTMS – Findings Obtaned from Animal Models. J. Physiol. 2011; 589: 4423-4435.Graff¬Guerrero A., Gonzales¬Olvera J., Ruiz¬Garcia M., Avila¬Ordonez U., Vauqier V., Garcia¬Reyna J.C. rTMS reduces focal brain hyperperfusion in two patients with EPC. Acta Neurol Scand. 2004; 109 (4): 290¬296.Graff-Guerrero A., Gonzales-Olvera J., Ruiz-Garcia M., Avila-Ordonez U., Vauqier V., Garcia-Reyna J.C. rTMS reduces focal brain hyperperfusion in two patients with EPC. Acta Neurol Scand. 2004; 109 (4): 290-296.Gur E. Chronic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induces subsensitivity of presynaptic serotonergic autoreceptor activity in rat brain. Neuroreport. 2000; 11 (13): 2925¬2929.Gur E. Chronic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induces subsensitivity of presynaptic serotonergic autoreceptor activity in rat brain. Neuroreport. 2000; 11 (13): 2925-2929.He J., Hsiang H.L., Wu C., Mylvagnanam S., Carlen P.L., Zhang L. Cellular mechanisms of cobalt¬induced hippocampal epileptiform discharges. Epilepsia. 2009; 50 (1): 99¬115.He J., Hsiang H.L., Wu C., Mylvagnanam S., Carlen P.L., Zhang L. Cellular mechanisms of cobalt-induced hippocampal epileptiform discharges. Epilepsia. 2009; 50 (1): 99-115.Huang M., Yu J.M., Wang X.M., Wang L. The effects of pretreatment with low frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation on rats with pilocarpine¬induced seizures. Chinese Journal of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2009; 3 (4): 228¬231.Huang M., Yu J.M., Wang X.M., Wang L. The effects of pretreatment with low frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation on rats with pilocarpine-induced seizures. Chinese Journal of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2009; 3 (4): 228-231.Glauser T. et al. ILAE treatment guidelines: evidence¬based analysis of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2006; 47: 1094¬1120.Glauser T. et al. ILAE treatment guidelines: evidence-based analysis of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2006; 47: 1094-1120.Ilmoniemi R., Virtanen J., Ruohonen J. Neuronal responses to magnetic stimulation reveal cortical reactivity and connectivity. Neuroreport. 1997; 8 (16): 3537¬3540.Ilmoniemi R., Virtanen J., Ruohonen J. Neuronal responses to magnetic stimulation reveal cortical reactivity and connectivity. Neuroreport. 1997; 8 (16): 3537-3540.Keck M.E., Welt T., Post A. Neuroendocrine and Behavioral Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in a Psycho¬pathological Animal Model Are Suggestive of Antidepressant¬like Effects. Neuropsycho¬pharmacology. 2000; 24: 337¬349.Keck M.E., Welt T., Post A. Neuroendocrine and Behavioral Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in a Psychopathological Animal Model Are Suggestive of Antidepressant-like Effects. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000; 24: 337-349.Kцhling R., Vreugdenhil M., Bracci E., Jefferys J.G.R. Ictal Epileptiform Activity Is Facilitated by Hippocampal GABAA Receptor¬Mediated Oscillations. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2000; 20 (18): 6820¬6829.Kцhling R., Vreugdenhil M., Bracci E., Jefferys J.G.R. Ictal Epileptiform Activity Is Facilitated by Hippocampal GABAA Receptor-Mediated Oscillations. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2000; 20 (18): 6820-6829.Kwan P. Brodie M.J. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000; 342: 314¬319.Kwan P. Brodie M.J. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000; 342: 314-319.Lisanby S.H., Luber B. rTMS in primatica: intracerebral measurement of rTMS and EST indused voltage in vivo. EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 1998; 107: 79.Lisanby S.H., Luber B. rTMS in primatica: intracerebral measurement of rTMS and EST indused voltage in vivo. EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 1998; 107: 79.Michael N., Gosling M., Reutemann M., Kersting A. et al. Metabolic changes after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left prefrontal cortex: a sham¬controlled proton magnetic resonance spect¬roscopy (IH MRS) study of healthy brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003; 17 (11): 2462¬2468.Michael N., Gosling M., Reutemann M., Kersting A. et al. Metabolic changes after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left prefrontal cortex: a sham-controlled proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (IH MRS) study of healthy brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003; 17 (11): 2462-2468.Miller M.B., Toschi N., Kresse A.E. Long¬Term Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Increases the Expression of Brain¬Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Cholecystokinin mRNA, but not Neuropeptide Tyrosine mRNA in Specific Areas of Rat Brain. Neuropsychophar¬macology. 2000; 23: 205¬215.Miller M.B., Toschi N., Kresse A.E. Long-Term Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Increases the Expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Cholecystokinin mRNA, but not Neuropeptide Tyrosine mRNA in Specific Areas of Rat Brain. Neuropsychopharma-cology. 2000; 23: 205-215.Ogawa A., Ukai S., Yamamoto M. Slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases somatosensory high¬frequency oscillations in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 2004; 3 (358): 193¬196.Ogawa A., Ukai S., Yamamoto M. Slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases somatosensory high-frequency oscillations in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 2004; 3 (358): 193-196.Panayotopoulos A. Principles of Therapy in the Epilepsies. A Clinical Guide to Epileptic Syndromes and their Treatment. Springer. 2007: 155¬184.Panayotopoulos A. Principles of Therapy in the Epilepsies. A Clinical Guide to Epileptic Syndromes and their Treatment. Springer. 2007: 155-184.Pascual¬Leone A., Davey N.J., Rothwell J., Wassermann E.M., Puri B.K. Handbook of transcranial magnetic stimulation. London. 2002. 406 P.Pascual-Leone A., Davey N.J., Rothwell J., Wassermann E.M., Puri B.K. Handbook of transcranial magnetic stimulation. London. 2002. 406 P.Post A., Mariannne B., Keck M.E. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in rats: evidence for aneuro protective effect in vitro and in vivo. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1999; 11 (9): 3247¬3254.Post A., Mariannne B., Keck M.E. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in rats: evidence for aneuro protective effect in vitro and in vivo. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1999; 11 (9): 3247-3254.Rossini P.M., Rossi S. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: diagnostic, therapeutic and research potential. Neurology. 2007; 68: 484¬488.Rossini P.M., Rossi S. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: diagnostic, therapeutic and research potential. Neurology. 2007; 68: 484-488.Rotenberg A., Muller P., Birnbaum D. et al. Seizure suppression by EEG¬guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the rat. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008; 119 (12): 2697¬2702.Rotenberg A., Muller P., Birnbaum D. et al. Seizure suppression by EEG-guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the rat. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008; 119 (12): 2697-2702.Song Y.J., Tian X. Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on hippocampus metabolic function in rats with temporal lobe epilepsy. Chinese Journal of Physical medi¬cine and rehabilitation. 2005; 27 (2): 75¬78.Song Y.J., Tian X. Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on hippocampus metabolic function in rats with temporal lobe epilepsy. Chinese Journal of Physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2005; 27 (2): 75-78.Speer A.M., Benson B.E., Kimbrell T.K., Wassermann E.M. et al. Opposite effects of high and low frequency rTMS on mood in depressed patients: relationship to baseline cerebral activity on PET. J. Affect. Disord. 2009; 115 (3): 386¬394.Speer A.M., Benson B.E., Kimbrell T.K., Wassermann E.M. et al. Opposite effects of high and low frequency rTMS on mood in depressed patients: relationship to baseline cerebral activity on PET. J. Affect. Disord. 2009; 115 (3): 386-394.Wei S., Wei F., Wei M., Wang D. et al. Low¬Frequency Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the Treatment of Refractory Partial Epilepsy. Clin. EEG and Neuroscience. 2011; 42: 40¬44.Wei S., Wei F., Wei M., Wang D. et al. Low-Frequency Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the Treatment of Refractory Partial Epilepsy. Clin. EEG and Neuroscience. 2011; 42: 40-44.Zangen A., Hyodo K. Transcranial magnetic stimulation induces increases in extracellular levels of dopamine and glutamate in the nucleus accumbens. Neuroreport. 2002; 13 (18): 2401¬2405.Zangen A., Hyodo K. Transcranial magnetic stimulation induces increases in extracellular levels of dopamine and glutamate in the nucleus accumbens. Neuroreport. 2002; 13 (18): 2401-2405.Zhang J.Q., Yu J.M., Wang X.M., Zhao H.N. et al. Effects of pretreatment with low¬fre¬quency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on expressions of hippocampus GAD65 and NMDAR¬1 in rats with pilocar¬pine¬induced seizures. Chinese Journal of Neuroimmunology and Neurology. 2008; 15 (6): 430¬433.Zhang J.Q., Yu J.M., Wang X.M., Zhao H.N. et al. Effects of pretreatment with low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on expressions of hippocampus GAD65 and NMDAR-1 in rats with pilocarpine-induced seizures. Chinese Journal of Neuroimmunology and Neurology. 2008; 15 (6): 430-433.Zhong L.T., Sarafian T., Kane D.J., Charles A.C., Mah S.P. et al. Bcl¬2 inhibits death of central neural cells induced by multiple agents. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1993; 90 (10): 4533¬4537.Zhong L.T., Sarafian T., Kane D.J., Charles A.C., Mah S.P. et al. Bcl-2 inhibits death of central neural cells induced by multiple agents. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1993; 90 (10): 4533-4537.Zhong L.T., Sarafian T., Kane D.J., Charles A.C., Mah S.P. et al. Bcl-2 inhibits death of central neural cells induced by multiple agents. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1993; 90 (10): 4533-4537.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.