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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">epilepsia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2077-8333</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2311-4088</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2077-8333.2018.10.2.059-073</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">epilepsia-410</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Antiepileptic pharmacotherapy is the leading factor in the induced pathomorphosis of epilepsy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Антиэпилептическая фармакотерапия – ведущий фактор индуцированного патоморфоза эпилепсии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7117-7423</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Амирханян</surname><given-names>М. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Amirkhanian</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Щепкина, 61/2, Москва 129110, Россия</p><p>врач-невролог, аспирант кафедры неврологии ФУВ ГБУЗ МО МОНИКИ им. М. Ф. Владимирского</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>61/2 Shchepkina Str., Moscow 129110, Russia</p><p>MD, Neurologist, Postgraduate Student at the Neurology Department of the Advanced Medical Training, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sciencelife@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения Московской области&#13;
«Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М. Ф. Владимирского»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>08</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>59</fpage><lpage>73</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Amirkhanian M.G., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Амирханян М.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Amirkhanian M.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/410">https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/410</self-uri><abstract><p>Aim – to elucidate the role of antiepileptic pharmacotherapy in pathomorphosis of focal epilepsy in adult patients.</p><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. We examined 91 patients with focal epilepsy (main group, G); among them, 37 (41%) men (M) and 54 (59%) women (W). At the time of the first visit, 82 (90%) of  them [33 (89%) M and 49 (91%) W] were under antiepileptic therapy. The age of patients ranged  from 18 to 78 years (average 37.5 years). The debut of epilepsy was observed at the ages from 4  to 71 years. The duration of the disease ranged from 1 to 52 years, with the average of 16.1 years. All patients were then followed up for 1 to 2.5 years. Clinical and neurological examinations were  conducted in all patients; laboratory and instrumental diagnostic tests were used if indicated. The  medical history of patients was analyzed from the onset of epilepsy; if needed, new therapies were  prescribed or the existing therapies were modified. The therapeutic efficacy was assessed  using the data from the daily-seizures diary. The differences between the groups were tested for  their significance using the Chi-square test or the exact Fisher test if there were less than five  observations in the group. </p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Only 47 (52%) patients of group G [21 (57%) M and 26 (48%) W] received an antiepileptic therapy from the debut of the disease; the therapy was then adjusted in 41 (45%)  cases [19 (51%) M and 22 (41%) W (р&gt;0.05)]. Of the 82 patients receiving therapy at the time of  examination, 37 (45%) received the basic, 20 (24%) – the updated, and 24 (29%) – a  combination of the basic and updated AED; in about 2% of cases, a combination with the 1st  generation drugs was prescribed. Monotherapy was used in 45 (55%), and polytherapy – in 37  (45%) patients. Of the 19 patients taking KBZ as the starting monotherapy, 10 (52%) received the drug in the non-prolonged form, twice a day. Relapse after long-term remission (12 months or  more) in 80% of cases was associated with changes in the AED regimen. Side effects were  observed in 43 (52%) patients under the treatment [15 (45%) M and 28 (57%) W]. Among those,  who underwent MRI examination, structural epileptogenic changes were detected in 37 (54%)  patients [21 (72%) M and 16 (40%) W (p&lt;0.05)]. Comorbidity and the associated co-therapy were detected in 88% M and 90% W who were &gt;50 years old.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Antiepileptic pharmacotherapy is a leading factor that induces evolutionary changes in the clinical and neurophysiological picture of epilepsy. With a timely and rational approach, the  use of AED allows for creating favorable development of pathomorphosis of the disease. Full  patients awareness of the AED therapeutic regimens and the associated risks may increases the  compliance, reduce the risk of decompensation and improve the prognosis of epilepsy.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цель – определение роли антиэпилептической фармакотерапии в патоморфозе фокальных эпилепсий у взрослых мужчин и женщин.</p><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Обследован 91 пациент с фокальными формами эпилепсии, 37 (41%) мужчин (М) и 54 (59%) женщины  (Ж). На момент первичного осмотра терапия проводилась 82  (90%) из них, 33 (89%) М и 49 (91%) Ж. Возраст пациентов  составлял от 18 до 78 лет, в среднем – 37,5 лет. Дебют  эпилепсии отмечался в возрасте от 4 лет до 71 года.  Длительность течения заболевания составляла от 1 до 52 лет, в  среднем – 16,1 лет. Катамнез от 1 года до 2,5 лет был прослежен  у всех пациентов. Проводился клинико-неврологический осмотр, по показаниям применялись лабораторные и инструментальные методы диагностики. У пациентов подвергался анализу  лекарственный анамнез с момента дебюта, при необходимости  назначалась впервые или корректировалась проводимая терапия.  Эффективность терапии оценивалась на основании  данных дневника приступов. Гипотезы о наличии различий  между группами проверялись с помощью критерия Хи-квадрат  или точного критерия Фишера, если в группе было менее пяти  наблюдений.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Только 47 (52%) пациентам ОГ, 21 (57%) М и 26  (48%) Ж терапия была назначена в дебюте заболевания, а  рационально подобрана лишь в 41 (45%) случае – у 19 (51%) М  и 22 (41%) Ж (р&gt;0,05). Из 82 (100%) пациентов, получающих  терапию на момент осмотра, 37 (45%) принимали базовые, 20  (24%) современные, 24 (29%) комбинацию базовых и  современных АЭП и примерно в 2% случаев комбинации с применением препаратов 1-го поколения. Монотерапия проводилась у 45 (55%), политерапия – у 37 (45%) из них. Из 19 (100%) пациентов, принимающих в качестве стартовой  монотерапии КБЗ, 10 (52%), принимали препарат в  непролонгированной форме, два раза в день. Рецидив после  длительной ремиссии (12 мес. и более) в 80% случаев был  связан с манипуляцией АЭП. Побочные эффекты отмечались у 43 (52%) пациентов, получающих терапию, 15 (45%) М и 28  (57%) Ж. Структурные эпилептогенные изменения были выявлены у 37 (54%) пациентов, из числа тех, которым было проведено МРТ-исследование, 21 (72%) М и 16 (40%) Ж  (р&lt;0,05). Сопутствующая патология и связанная с ней  комедикация была выявлена у 88% М и 90% Ж старше 50 лет.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Антиэпилептическая фармакотерапия – ведущий фактор индукции эволюционных изменений в клинической и  нейрофизиологической картине эпилепсии. При своевременном и рациональном подходе использование АЭП позволяет создать  условия для формирования благоприятных сценариев  патоморфоза заболевания. Полноценная информированность  пациентов о правилах приема АЭП и рисках, связанных с  терапией, повышает комплаентность, снижает вероятность декомпенсации эпилепсии и улучшает прогноз.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Эпилепсия</kwd><kwd>патоморфоз</kwd><kwd>антиэпилептическая фармакотерапия</kwd><kwd>дженериковые аналоги АЭП</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Epilepsy</kwd><kwd>pathomorphоsis</kwd><kwd>antiepileptic pharmacotherapy</kwd><kwd>generic AED analogues</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brodie M. J. Pharmacological Treatment of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy in Adults: a Practical Guide. 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