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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">epilepsia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2077-8333</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2311-4088</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2077-8333.2019.11.1.79-87</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">epilepsia-460</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LITERATURE SURVEY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Pathogenesis of drug resistant epilepsy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Патогенез фармакорезистентной эпилепсии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-347X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малышев</surname><given-names>S. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malyshev</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, кафедра неврологии и психиатрии, институт медицинского образования</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57192810951. ResearcherID: N-7251-2016</p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург 197341, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD student, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Education</p><p>2 Akkuratova Str., St Petersburg 197341, Russia</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57192810951. Researcher ID: N-7251-2016.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">malyshev_sm@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4441-1165</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеева</surname><given-names>Т. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseeva</surname><given-names>T. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д. м.н., заведующая кафедрой неврологии и психиатрии, институт медицинского образования</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57200808136. ResearcherID: S-8806-2017</p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург 197341, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor, Head of the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Education</p><p>2 Akkuratova Str., St Petersburg 197341, Russia</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57200808136. Researcher ID: S-8806-2017</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alekseeva_tm@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1635-6621</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хачатрян</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khachatryan</surname><given-names>W. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д. м.н., проф., научный руководитель отделения нейрохирургии для детей № 7</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 55633841500. ResearcherID: G-4002-2018</p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург 197341, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor, Scientific Supervisor at the Department of Neurosurgery for Children # 7</p><p>2 Akkuratova Str., St Petersburg 197341, Russia</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 55633841500. Researcher ID: G-4002-2018</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">khachatryan_va@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галагудза</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galagudza</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>чл.-корр. РАН, д. м. н., проф., директор института экспериментальной медицины</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 6507925726. ResearcherID: C-8479-2011</p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург 197341, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Corresponding Member of the RAS, Head of the Institute of Experimental Medicine</p><p>2 Akkuratova Str., St Petersburg 197341, Russia</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 6507925726. Researcher ID: C-8479-2011</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">galagudza@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>VA Almazov National Medical Research Center</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>04</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>87</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Malyshev S.M., Alekseeva T.M., Khachatryan W.A., Galagudza M.M., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Малышев S.М., Алексеева Т.М., Хачатрян В.А., Галагудза М.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Malyshev S.M., Alekseeva T.M., Khachatryan W.A., Galagudza M.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/460">https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/460</self-uri><abstract><p>Pharmacotherapy is the first-line treatment modality for epilepsy. However, in 20-40% of patients, epilepsy is resistant to pharmacotherapy. These numbers have not changed for decades despite the development and use of antiepileptic drugs with novel mechanisms of action. Drug-resistant epilepsy is now considered a separate pathophysiologic and clinical entity. The existing hypotheses on its pathogenesis could be divided in two groups. Firstly, drug-resistance might be caused by an abnormal pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of antiepileptic drugs as a result of congenital or acquired dysfunction of the transporter or receptor proteins. Secondly, it might be a consequence of inherent features of epilepsy per se, such as the so-called “intrinsic severity” or some disorder of the connectome. Taking into account the complexity of this phenomenon, the issue of drug resistance continues to remain in the focus of the current research efforts.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Несмотря на появление большого количества различных антиэпилептических препаратов, эффективность фармакотерапии эпилепсии за последние десятилетия практически не изменилась. Это послужило толчком к изучению фармакорезистентности как отдельного патофизиологического феномена заболевания. В настоящем обзоре проанализированы основные концепции развития фармакорезистентной эпилепсии. Врождeнные или приобретeнные изменения активности белков-транспортеров гематоэнцефалического барьера или чувствительности молекулярных мишеней приводят к снижению эффективности антиэпилептических лекарственных средств за счeт нарушения их фармакокинетики и фармакодинамики. Фармакорезистентность также рассматривают как проявление общей тяжести заболевания или как результат глубокого дисбаланса между эпилептической и противоэпилептической системами головного мозга. Экспериментальные исследования в рамках концепции трансляционной медицины позволят уточнить патогенез фармакорезистентной эпилепсии и улучшить результаты еe лечения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фармакорезистентная эпилепсия</kwd><kwd>антиэпилептические препараты</kwd><kwd>коннектомика</kwd><kwd>трансляционная медицина</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Drug resistant epilepsy</kwd><kwd>antiepileptic drugs</kwd><kwd>connectomics</kwd><kwd>translational medicine</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мильчакова Л. Е. 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