epilepsiaEpilepsy and paroxysmal conditionsЭпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния2077-83332311-4088IRBIS LLC10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2022.069epilepsia-776Research ArticleSCIENTIFIC SURVEYSНАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫA relation between the quality of life of patients with epilepsy and adherence to treatment as well as retention on therapyСвязь качества жизни с приверженностью к лечению и удержанием на терапии у пациентов с эпилепсиейhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2588-196XЛусниковаИ. В.LusnikovaI. V.

Лусникова Ия Владимировна – кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры неврологии, нейрохирургии и медицинской генетики лечебного факультета.

ул. Островитянова, д. 1, Москва 117513.

РИНЦ SPIN-код: 5284-5767

Iya V. Lusnikova – MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Chair of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.

1 Ostrovityanov Str., Moscow 117513.

RSCI SPIN-code: 5284-5767

Lusnikova@rambler.ruРоссийский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияPirogov Russian National Research Medical UniversityRussian Federation2022170420221416573Copyright © Lusnikova I.V., 20222022Лусникова И.В.Lusnikova I.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/776Objective

Objective: to demonstrate  the mutual influence  of  the quality of  patients’s life  during  epilepsy, adherence  to received anticonvulsant therapy and retention on therapy.

Material and methods

Material and methods. We conducted an analytical review of studies published by foreign authors in recent years (published within 2016–2021  were considered of top priority), devoted to the influence of various factors on adherence to therapy in patients with epilepsy. A search for relevant publications was conducted in English-language databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, ClinicalKey) by using key words and phrases: “epilepsy AND quality of life AND adherence  to therapy”, “epilepsy AND quality of life AND retention on  therapy”,  “epilepsy AND adherence   to therapy”, “compliance AND epilepsy  AND quality of  life”, “adherence to therapy AND retention on therapy AND epilepsy”, “nonadherence to therapy AND epilepsy  AND quality of life”. After the selection procedure, 22 scientific publications were included in the review.

Results

Results. Factors that have a negative impact on adherence  to therapy have been identified (comorbid cognitive impairment, the combination of lack of control over seizures and the presence of adverse events after drug administration, depression and anxiety, the need to change the lifestyle for taking the drug, concern about the potential negative consequences of taking the drug, recent uncontrolled seizures, lack of professional implementation, high frequency of taking the drug, problems with doctor-patient relationship, insufficient social support), and factors that have a positive impact (emotional support from the doctor, establishing doctor-patient partnership).

Conclusion

Conclusion. There is a relationship between the patient's quality of life and adherence  to therapy. Patient adherence to therapy is important for the effectiveness of epilepsy treatment and, along with the severity of epilepsy, is a significant factor affecting the quality of patients’ life during epilepsy. An opportunity for long-term retention on anticonvulsant therapy also has a cross-correlation with quality of life.

Цель

Цель: продемонстрировать взаимные влияния качества жизни, приверженности  к получаемой  противосудорожной терапии и удержания на терапии у пациентов с эпилепсией.

Материал и методы

Материал и методы. Проведен аналитический обзор  исследований иностранных авторов (приоритетными считались опубликованные за период 2016–2021  гг.), посвященных изучению влияния различных факторов  на приверженность к терапии пациентов с эпилепсией. Поиск осуществляли в англоязычных базах данных (PubMed/MEDLINE, ClinicalKey) с использованием  ключевых слов и словосочетаний  на английском языке: “epilepsy AND quality of life AND adherence to therapy”, “epilepsy AND quality of life AND retention on therapy”, “epilepsy AND adherence to therapy ”, “compliance AND epilepsy  AND quality of life”, “adherence to therapy AND retention on therapy AND epilepsy”, “nonadherence to therapy AND epilepsy  AND quality of life”. После процедуры отбора в обзор  включено 22 научных публикации.

Результаты

Результаты. Выявлены факторы,  оказывающие  негативное  влияние на приверженность  к терапии (сопутствующие когнитивные нарушения, сочетание  отсутствия  контроля над приступами и наличия нежелательных эффектов от приема препарата, депрессия и тревога, необходимость  изменения образа жизни для приема препарата, озабоченность  потенциальными негативными последствиями  приема препарата, наличие у пациента недавних неконтролируемых приступов, отсутствие профессиональной реализации, высокая кратность приема препарата, проблемы в отношениях между врачом и пациентом, недостаточная социальная поддержка), и факторы, влияющие положительно (эмоциональная поддержка со стороны врача, установление партнерских отношений между врачом и пациентом).

Заключение

Заключение. Существует взаимосвязь  между качеством жизни пациента и его комплаентностью. Приверженность к терапии наряду с тяжестью течения эпилепсии является значимым фактором,  влияющим на качество жизни людей с эпилепсией. Он играет важную роль в достижении эффективности  лечения. Возможность  длительного удержания на противосудорожной  терапии также взаимно коррелирует с качеством жизни.

Эпилепсиякачество жизниприверженность к терапииудержание на терапиикомплаентностьEpilepsyquality of lifeadherence to therapyretention on therapycomplianceReferencesWHOQOL: Measuring quality of life. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1997. URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/63482/WHO_MSA_MNH_PSF_97.4.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (дата обращения 17.01.2022).WHOQOL: Measuring quality of life. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1997. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/63482/WHO_MSA_MNH_PSF_97.4.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed 17.01.2022).Незнанов Н.Г., Громов С.А., Михайлов В.А. и др. Эпилепсия, качество жизни, лечение. СПб.: ВМА; 2005: 294 с.Neznanov N.G., Gromov S.A., Mikhailov V.A., et al. Epilepsy, quality of life, treatment. St. Petersburg: VMA; 2005: 294 pp. (in Russ.).Громов С.А., Беги Е., Михайлов В.А., Липатова Л.В. Эпидемиология эпилепсии и риск ухудшения качества жизни больных. Неврологический журнал. 1996; 1 (2): 27–30.Gromov S.A., Begi E., Mikhailov V.A., Lipatova L.V. Epidemiology of epilepsy and the risk of deterioration in the quality of life of patients. The Neurological Journal. 1996; 1 (2): 27–30 (in Russ.).Duncan J.C. Medical factors affecting quality of life in patients with epilepsy. In: Chadwick D. (Ed.) Quality of life and quality of care in epilepsy. Oxford: Alden Press; 1990: 80–7.Duncan J.C. Medical factors affecting quality of life in patients with epilepsy. In: Chadwick D. (Ed.) Quality of life and quality of care in epilepsy. Oxford: Alden Press; 1990: 80–7.Карлов В.А. Эпилепсия у детей и взрослых женщин и мужчин. Руководство для врачей. М.: Медицина; 2010: 720 с.Karlov V.А. Epilepsy in children and adult women and men. A guide for doctors. Мoscow: Meditsina; 2010: 720 pp. (in Russ.).Карлов В.А. Эпилепсия у детей и взрослых женщин и мужчин. Руководство для врачей. 2-е изд. М.: БИНОМ; 2019: 896 с.Karlov V.А. Epilepsy in children and adult women and men. A guide for doctors. Мoscow: BINOM; 2019: 896 pp. (in Russ.).Ayanda K.A., Sulyman D. Determinants of quality of life in adults living with epilepsy. Ann Afr Med. 2020; 19 (3): 164–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_20_18.Ayanda K.A., Sulyman D. Determinants of quality of life in adults living with epilepsy. Ann Afr Med. 2020; 19 (3): 164–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_20_18.Cramer J.A., Perrine K., Devinsky O., et al. Development and cross-cultural translations of a 31-item quality of life in epilepsy inventory. Epilepsia. 1998; 39 (1): 81–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01278.x.Cramer J.A., Perrine K., Devinsky O., et al. Development and cross-cultural translations of a 31-item quality of life in epilepsy inventory. Epilepsia. 1998; 39 (1): 81–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01278.x.Guekht A., Gusev E., Kurkina I., et al. Epidemiology and quality of life of epilepsy patients in Moscow, Russia. Eur J Neurol. 2000; 7 (Suppl. 3): 13.Guekht A., Gusev E., Kurkina I., et al. Epidemiology and quality of life of epilepsy patients in Moscow, Russia. Eur J Neurol. 2000; 7 (Suppl. 3): 13.Cramer J., Perrine K., Devinsky O., Meador K. A brief questionnaire to screen for quality of life in epilepsy: the QOLIE-10. Epilepsia. 1996; 37 (6): 577–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00612.x.Cramer J., Perrine K., Devinsky O., Meador K. A brief questionnaire to screen for quality of life in epilepsy: the QOLIE-10. Epilepsia. 1996; 37 (6): 577–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00612.x.Leppik I.E. Сompliance during treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1988; 29 (Suppl. 2): S79–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1988.tb05801.x.Leppik I.E. Сompliance during treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1988; 29 (Suppl. 2): S79–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1988.tb05801.x.Белоусова Е.Д. Проблема комплаентности у пациентов, страдающих эпилепсией. РМЖ. 2009; 17 (5): 380–3.Belousova E.D. The problem of compliance in patients with epilepsy. Russian Medical Journal. 2009; 17 (5): 380–3 (in Russ.).Лутова Н.Б., Незнанов Н.Г., Вид В.Д. Комплаенс в психиатрии и способ его оценки. Психиатрия и психофармакотерапия. 2008; 10 (1): 8–12.Lutova N.B., Neznanov N.G., Vid V.D. Compliance in psychiatry and a way to assess it. Psychiatry and Psychopharmacotherapy. 2008; 10 (1): 8–12 (in Russ.).Авакян Г.Н., Белоусова Е.Д., Бурд С.Г. и др. Проблемы эпилептологии. Ключевые приоритеты, задачи, вызовы и способы их решения. Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния. 2019; 11 (4): 395–406. https://doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333.2019.11.4.395-406.Avakyan G.N., Belousova E.D., Burd S.G., et al. Current trends in epileptology: priorities, challenges, tasks and solutions. Epilepsia i paroksizmalʹnye sostoania / Epilepsy and Paroxysmal Conditions. 2019; 11 (4): 395–406 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333.2019.11.4.395-406.Мироненко Ю.Е., Михайлов В.А., Липатова Л.В. и др. Клинико-социальные и психологические аспекты комплаентности при локально обусловленной эпилепсии. В кн.: Незнанов Н.Г., Михайлов В.А. (ред.) Эпилептология в системе нейронаук. Сборник тезисов конференции. СПб.; 2015: 131–2.Mironenko Yu.E., Mikhailov V.A., Lipatova L.V., et al. Clinical, social and psychological aspects of compliance in locally conditioned epilepsy. In: Neznanov N.G., Mikhailov V.A. (Eds.) Epileptology in the system of neuroscience. Collection of conference abstracts. St. Petersburg; 2015: 131–2 (in Russ.).Лукина Ю.В., Кутишенко Н.П., Марцевич С.Ю. Приверженность лечению: современный взгляд на знакомую проблему. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2017; 16 (1): 91–5. http://doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2017-1-91-95.Lukina Yu.V., Kutishenko N.P., Martsevich S.Yu. Treatment adherence: modern view on a well known issue. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2017; 16 (1): 91–5 (in Russ.). http://doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2017-1-91-95.O’Rourke G., O’Brien J.J. Identifying the barriers to antiepileptic drug adherence among adults with epilepsy. Seizure. 2017; 45: 160–8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2016.12.006.O’Rourke G., O’Brien J.J. Identifying the barriers to antiepileptic drug adherence among adults with epilepsy. Seizure. 2017; 45: 160–8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2016.12.006.Faught R.E., Duh M.S., Weiner J.R., et al. Nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs and increased mortality: findings from the RANSOM study. Neurology. 2008; 71 (20): 1572–8. http://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000319693.10338.b9.Faught R.E., Duh M.S., Weiner J.R., et al. Nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs and increased mortality: findings from the RANSOM study. Neurology. 2008; 71 (20): 1572–8. http://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000319693.10338.b9.Skinner H.J., Durbon-Murcia S.A., Thompson A.R., et al. Adult convulsive status epilepticus in the developing country of Honduras. Seizure. 2010; 19 (6): 363–7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2010.05.007.Skinner H.J., Durbon-Murcia S.A., Thompson A.R., et al. Adult convulsive status epilepticus in the developing country of Honduras. Seizure. 2010; 19 (6): 363–7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2010.05.007.Lathers C.M., Koehlar S.A., Wecht C.H., Schraeder P.L. Forensic antiepileptic drug levels in autopsy cases of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2011; 22 (4): 778–85. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.10.011.Lathers C.M., Koehlar S.A., Wecht C.H., Schraeder P.L. Forensic antiepileptic drug levels in autopsy cases of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2011; 22 (4): 778–85. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.10.011.Гехт А.Б. Качество жизни больных эпилепсией. В кн.: Международная конференция «Эпилепсия – диагностика, лечение, социальные аспекты». М.; 2005: 120–5.Guekht A.B. Quality of life of patients with epilepsy. In: International Conference “Epilepsy – Diagnosis, Treatment, Social Aspects”. Мoscow; 2005: 120–5 (in Russ.).Kwan P., Schachter S.C., Brodie M.J. Drug-resistant epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365: 919–26. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1004418.Kwan P., Schachter S.C., Brodie M.J. Drug-resistant epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365: 919–26. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1004418.Henning O., Johannessen Landmark C., Nakken K.O., Lossius M.I. Nonadherence to treatment regimens in epilepsy from the patient's perspective and predisposing factors: differences between intentional and unintentional lack of adherence. Epilepsia. 2019; 60 (5): e58–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.14734.Henning O., Johannessen Landmark C., Nakken K.O., Lossius M.I. Nonadherence to treatment regimens in epilepsy from the patient's perspective and predisposing factors: differences between intentional and unintentional lack of adherence. Epilepsia. 2019; 60 (5): e58–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.14734.Banks J., Varley J., Fitzsimons M., Doherty C.P. Self-reported antiepilepsy medication adherence and its connection to perception of medication error. Epilepsy Behav. 2020; 104 (Pt. A): 106896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106896.Banks J., Varley J., Fitzsimons M., Doherty C.P. Self-reported antiepilepsy medication adherence and its connection to perception of medication error. Epilepsy Behav. 2020; 104 (Pt. A): 106896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106896.Chapman S.C.E., Horne R., Chater A., et al. Patients' perspectives on antiepileptic medication: Relationships between beliefs about medicines and adherence among patients with epilepsy in UK primary care. Epilepsy Behav. 2014; 31: 312–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.10.016.Chapman S.C.E., Horne R., Chater A., et al. Patients' perspectives on antiepileptic medication: Relationships between beliefs about medicines and adherence among patients with epilepsy in UK primary care. Epilepsy Behav. 2014; 31: 312–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.10.016.Kuzmanova R., Stefanova I., Stambolieva K. Significance of noncompliance when treating patients with epilepsy. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2018; 52 (2): 215–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pjnns.2017.10.005.Kuzmanova R., Stefanova I., Stambolieva K. Significance of noncompliance when treating patients with epilepsy. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2018; 52 (2): 215–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pjnns.2017.10.005.May T.W., Berkenfeld R., Dennig D., et al. Patients’ perspectives on management and barriers of regular antiepileptic drug intake. Epilepsy Behav. 2018; 79: 162–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.11.039.May T.W., Berkenfeld R., Dennig D., et al. Patients’ perspectives on management and barriers of regular antiepileptic drug intake. Epilepsy Behav. 2018; 79: 162–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.11.039.Ferrari C.M., Cardosa de Sousa R.M., Castro L.H. Factors associated with treatment non-adherence in patients with epilepsy in Brazil. Seizure. 2013; 22 (5): 384–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2013.02.006.Ferrari C.M., Cardosa de Sousa R.M., Castro L.H. Factors associated with treatment non-adherence in patients with epilepsy in Brazil. Seizure. 2013; 22 (5): 384–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2013.02.006.Воронкова K.В., Пылаева O.A., Холин A.A. и др. Побочные эффекты антиэпилептической терапии – современное состояние проблемы. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. C.C. Корсакова. 2011; 111 (10-2): 44–51.Voronkova K.V., Pylaeva O.A., Kholin A.A., et al. Side-effects of antiepileptic treatment: the current state of the problem. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2011; 111 (10-2): 44–51 (in Russ.).Laville F., Montana M., Roux N., et al. Factors limiting adherence to antiepileptic treatment: a French online patient survey. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2018; 43 (1): 73–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12615.Laville F., Montana M., Roux N., et al. Factors limiting adherence to antiepileptic treatment: a French online patient survey. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2018; 43 (1): 73–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12615.Hamer H., Baulac M., McMurray R., Kockelmann E. Retention, dosing, tolerability and patient reported seizure outcome of Zonisamide as only add-on treatment under real-life conditions in adult patients with partial onset seizures: results of the observational study ZOOM. Seizure. 2016; 34: 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2015.12.001.Hamer H., Baulac M., McMurray R., Kockelmann E. Retention, dosing, tolerability and patient reported seizure outcome of Zonisamide as only add-on treatment under real-life conditions in adult patients with partial onset seizures: results of the observational study ZOOM. Seizure. 2016; 34: 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2015.12.001.Brodie M.J., Mintzer S., Pack A.M., et al. Enzyme induction with antiepileptic drugs: cause for concern? Epilepsia. 2013; 54 (1): 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03671.x.Brodie M.J., Mintzer S., Pack A.M., et al. Enzyme induction with antiepileptic drugs: cause for concern? Epilepsia. 2013; 54 (1): 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03671.x.Zeber J.E., Tang F., Zhu G., et al. Self-reported adherence in patients with epilepsy who missed their medications and reasons for nonadherence in China. Epilepsy Behav. 2013; 27 (1): 85–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.12.022.Zeber J.E., Tang F., Zhu G., et al. Self-reported adherence in patients with epilepsy who missed their medications and reasons for nonadherence in China. Epilepsy Behav. 2013; 27 (1): 85–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.12.022.Sweileh W.M., Ihbesheh M.S., Jarar I.S., et al. Selfreported medication adherence and treatment satisfaction in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2011; 21 (3): 301–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.04.011.Sweileh W.M., Ihbesheh M.S., Jarar I.S., et al. Selfreported medication adherence and treatment satisfaction in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2011; 21 (3): 301–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.04.011.Copeland L.A., Pugh M.J. Variation in antiepileptic drug adherence among older patients with new-onset epilepsy. Ann Pharmacother. 2010; 44 (12): 1896–904. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1P385.Copeland L.A., Pugh M.J. Variation in antiepileptic drug adherence among older patients with new-onset epilepsy. Ann Pharmacother. 2010; 44 (12): 1896–904. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1P385.Harimanana A., Clavel S., Chivorakul P., et al. Associated factors with adherence to antiepileptic drug in the capital city of Lao PDR. Epilepsy Res. 2013; 104 (1–2): 158–66. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.10.008.Harimanana A., Clavel S., Chivorakul P., et al. Associated factors with adherence to antiepileptic drug in the capital city of Lao PDR. Epilepsy Res. 2013; 104 (1–2): 158–66. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.10.008.Buck D., Jacoby A., Baker G.A., Chadwick D.W. Factors influencing compliance with antiepileptic drug regimes. Seizure. 1997; 6 (2): 87–93. http://doi.org/10.1016/s1059-1311(97)80060-x.Buck D., Jacoby A., Baker G.A., Chadwick D.W. Factors influencing compliance with antiepileptic drug regimes. Seizure. 1997; 6 (2): 87–93. http://doi.org/10.1016/s1059-1311(97)80060-x.Honnekeri B., Rane S., Vast R., Khadilkar S.V. Between the person and the pill: factors affecting medication adherence in epilepsy patients. J Assoc Physicians India. 2018; 66 (7): 24–6.Honnekeri B., Rane S., Vast R., Khadilkar S.V. Between the person and the pill: factors affecting medication adherence in epilepsy patients. J Assoc Physicians India. 2018; 66 (7): 24–6.Ben-Menachem E., Grebe H.P., Terada K., et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of lacosamide and controlled-release carbamazepine monotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2019; 60 (12): 2437–47. http://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16381.Ben-Menachem E., Grebe H.P., Terada K., et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of lacosamide and controlled-release carbamazepine monotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2019; 60 (12): 2437–47. http://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16381.Mäkinen J., Peltola J., Raitanen J., et al. Comparative effectiveness of eight antiepileptic drugs in adults with focal refractory epilepsy: the influence of age, gender, and the sequence in which drugs were introduced onto the market. J Neurol. 2017; 264 (7): 1345–53. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-017-8526-8.Mäkinen J., Peltola J., Raitanen J., et al. Comparative effectiveness of eight antiepileptic drugs in adults with focal refractory epilepsy: the influence of age, gender, and the sequence in which drugs were introduced onto the market. J Neurol. 2017; 264 (7): 1345–53. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-017-8526-8.Shafiqur R., Syed A.A., Syeda J.K., et al. Comparison of anti-epileptic drugs in terms of treatment outcomes, adverse effects and quality of life. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2019; 13 (10): FC01–7. http://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2019/41895.13228.Shafiqur R., Syed A.A., Syeda J.K., et al. Comparison of anti-epileptic drugs in terms of treatment outcomes, adverse effects and quality of life. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2019; 13 (10): FC01–7. http://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2019/41895.13228.Lin C.Y., Chen H., Pakpou A.H. Correlation between adherence to antiepileptic drugs and quality of life in patients with epilepsy: a longitudinal study. Epilepsy Behav. 2016; 63: 103–8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.07.042.Lin C.Y., Chen H., Pakpou A.H. Correlation between adherence to antiepileptic drugs and quality of life in patients with epilepsy: a longitudinal study. Epilepsy Behav. 2016; 63: 103–8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.07.042.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.