<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">epilepsia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2077-8333</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2311-4088</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2023.142</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">epilepsia-904</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>First aid for generalized seizures: modern approaches and opportunities for improvement</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оказание первой помощи при генерализованных судорогах: современные подходы и возможности совершенствования</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-9760</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Биркун</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Birkun</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Биркун Алексей Алексеевич – д.м.н., доцент, доцент кафедры общей хирургии, анестезиологии-реаниматологии и скорой медицинской помощи Института «Медицинская академия им. С.И. Георгиевского»; врач анестезиолог-реаниматолог </p><p>WoS ResearcherID: R-3613-2017; Scopus Author ID: 56747693500</p><p>б-р Ленина, д. 5/7, Симферополь 295051</p><p>ул. 60 лет Октября, д. 30, Симферополь 295024</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexei А. Birkun – Dr. Med. Sc., Associate Professor, Chair of General Surgery, Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine, Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky; Anesthesiologist-Resuscitator</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: R-3613-2017; Scopus Author ID: 56747693500</p><p>5/7 Lenin Blvd, Simferopol 295051</p><p>30 October 60th Anniversary Str.,Simferopol 295024</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">birkunalexei@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2932-1724</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дежурный</surname><given-names>Л. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dezhurny</surname><given-names>L. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дежурный Леонид Игоревич – д.м.н., доцент, главный научный сотрудник; профессор кафедры медицинской статистики и цифрового здравоохранения</p><p>ул. Добролюбова, д. 11, Москва 127254</p><p>ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1, Москва 125993</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leonid I. Dezhurny – Dr. Med. Sc., Associate Professor, Chief Researcher; Professor, Chair of Medical Statistics and Digital Healthcare</p><p>11 Dobrolyubov Str., Moscow 127254</p><p>2/1 bldg 1 Barrikadnaya Str., Moscow 125993</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования&#13;
«Крымский федеральный университет им. В.И. Вернадского»; Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения Республики Крым «Крымский республиканский центр медицины катастроф и скорой медицинской помощи»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Vernadsky Crimean Federal University; Crimean Republican Center of Disaster Medicine and Emergency Medical Services</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Центральный научно-исследовательский институт организации и информатизации здравоохранения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение дополнительного профессионального образования «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Research Institute of Health; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>115</fpage><lpage>124</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Birkun А.А., Dezhurny L.I., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Биркун А.А., Дежурный Л.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Birkun А.А., Dezhurny L.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/904">https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/904</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Generalized seizures are often complicated by life-threatening health problems (such as airway obstruction, suppressed respiration and severe injuries) or observed as a manifestation of sudden cardiac arrest that determines a need for rapid recognition and management of the problem. Since immediate arrival of emergency medical service (EMS) specialists to a victim is impossible in most cases, first aid (FA) provision by immediate witnesses of seizures is of paramount importance for preventing death.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to analyze modern principles and approaches to FA provision for generalized seizures, to study existing organizational framework and to identify areas for improving the organization of FA provision for seizures, as well as to develop a draft domestic algorithm for distant consultation of untrained witnesses by emergency dispatchers on FA provision in generalized seizures.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The analysis was carried out for international and national guidelines on FA, domestic and foreign scientific publications corresponding to the study topic, as well as normative legal acts regulating FA provision in Russia, foreign sets of protocols for EMS dispatchers containing instructions on FA in seizures intended for remote (by telephone) provision to witnesses of the incidents.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Based on the analysis of international and national guidelines on FA and existing dispatch protocols, taking into account the methodological recommendations approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia that determine general principles for receiving requests from the public by EMS dispatchers, the draft universal Russian-language algorithm for dispatcher interrogation and instruction of incident witnesses on FA provision for generalized seizures was developed. A need to modernize the domestic regulatory framework in terms of including seizures in the list of conditions for which FA should be provided, and officially approve the sequence and rules on FA provision for seizures was substantiated.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. In Russia, the organization of FA provision for generalized seizures is not optimal and requires improvement. The effect of prompt involvement of untrained witnesses of seizures in the process of providing aid is expected to be ensured by introducing a practice of consulting incident witnesses on FA provision by emergency dispatchers over the telephone. The developed universal dispatch algorithm, after its discussion and testing, could act as one of the basic components of the domestic program for FA distance support.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Генерализованные судороги зачастую осложняются угрожающими жизни нарушениями здоровья (такими как обструкция дыхательных путей, угнетение дыхания и тяжелые травмы) или являются проявлением внезапно наступившей остановки сердца, что определяет необходимость быстрого распознавания проблемы и оказания помощи. Поскольку немедленное прибытие специалистов скорой медицинской помощи (СМП) к пострадавшему в большинстве случаев невозможно, важнейшее значение для предупреждения смерти имеет оказание первой помощи (ПП) очевидцами судорожных припадков.Цель: выполнить анализ современных принципов и подходов к оказанию ПП при генерализованных судорогах, изучить существующие организационные основы и определить направления совершенствования организации оказания ПП при судорогах, а также разработать проект отечественного алгоритма дистанционного консультирования диспетчерами экстренных служб необученных свидетелей происшествия по вопросам оказания ПП при генерализованных судорогах.Материал и методы. Проведен анализ соответствующих теме исследования международных и национальных рекомендаций по ПП, отечественных и зарубежных научных публикаций, а также нормативных правовых актов, регламентирующих оказание ПП в России, и зарубежных комплектов протоколов для диспетчеров СМП, содержащих инструкции по оказанию ПП при судорогах, предназначенные для дистанционного (по телефону) предоставления очевидцам происшествия.Результаты. На основании результатов анализа международных и национальных рекомендаций по ПП и существующих диспетчерских протоколов, с учетом утвержденных Минздравом России методических рекомендаций, определяющих общие принципы приема диспетчерами СМП обращений от населения, создан проект универсального русскоязычного алгоритма диспетчерского опроса и инструктирования свидетелей происшествия по вопросам оказания ПП при генерализованных судорогах. Обоснована потребность в модернизации отечественной нормативно-правовой базы в части включения судорог в число состояний, при которых должна оказываться ПП, и официального утверждения последовательности и правил оказания ПП при судорогах.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В России организация оказания ПП при генерализованных судорогах неоптимальна и требует совершенствования. Эффект оперативного вовлечения необученных свидетелей судорожных припадков в процесс оказания помощи, предположительно, обеспечит внедрение практики консультирования очевидцев происшествия диспетчерами экстренных служб по вопросам оказания ПП по телефону. Разработанный универсальный диспетчерский алгоритм после его обсуждения и апробации может выступить в качестве одного из базовых компонентов отечественной программы дистанционного сопровождения ПП. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Судороги</kwd><kwd>эпилепсия</kwd><kwd>эпистатус</kwd><kwd>первая помощь</kwd><kwd>скорая медицинская помощь</kwd><kwd>рекомендации</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Seizures</kwd><kwd>epilepsy</kwd><kwd>status epilepticus</kwd><kwd>first aid</kwd><kwd>emergency medical service</kwd><kwd>guidelines</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kornegay J. Seizures and status epilepticus in adults. In: Tintinalli J.E., Ma O.J., Yealy D.M., et al. (Eds.) Tintinalli's emergency medicine: a comprehensive study guide. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGrawl-Hill Education; 2020: 1153–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kornegay J. Seizures and status epilepticus in adults. In: Tintinalli J.E., Ma O.J., Yealy D.M., et al. (Eds.) Tintinalli's emergency medicine: a comprehensive study guide. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGrawl-Hill Education; 2020: 1153–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Guidelines 2000 for CPR and ECC. Part 5: New guidelines for first aid. Circulation. 2000; 102 (Suppl. 1): I-77–85. https://doi.org/10.1161/circ.102.suppl_1.I-77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Guidelines 2000 for CPR and ECC. Part 5: New guidelines for first aid. Circulation. 2000; 102 (Suppl. 1): I-77–85. https://doi.org/10.1161/circ.102.suppl_1.I-77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martindale J.L., Goldstein J.N., Pallin D.J. Emergency department seizure epidemiology. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2011; 29 (1): 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2010.08.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martindale J.L., Goldstein J.N., Pallin D.J. Emergency department seizure epidemiology. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2011; 29 (1): 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2010.08.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michael G.E., O'Connor R.E. The diagnosis and management of seizures and status epilepticus in the prehospital setting. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2011; 29 (1): 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2010.08.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michael G.E., O'Connor R.E. The diagnosis and management of seizures and status epilepticus in the prehospital setting. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2011; 29 (1): 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2010.08.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirby S., Sadler R.M. Injury and death as a result of seizures. Epilepsia. 1995; 36 (1): 25–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1995.tb01660.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirby S., Sadler R.M. Injury and death as a result of seizures. Epilepsia. 1995; 36 (1): 25–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1995.tb01660.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huff J.S., Morris D.L., Kothari R.U., et al. Emergency department management of patients with seizures: a multicenter study. Acad Emerg Med. 2001; 8 (6): 622–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00175.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huff J.S., Morris D.L., Kothari R.U., et al. Emergency department management of patients with seizures: a multicenter study. Acad Emerg Med. 2001; 8 (6): 622–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00175.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silverman E.C., Sporer K.A., Lemieux J.M., et al. Prehospital care for the adult and pediatric seizure patient: current evidence-based recommendations. West J Emerg Med. 2017; 18 (3): 419–36. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2016.12.32066.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silverman E.C., Sporer K.A., Lemieux J.M., et al. Prehospital care for the adult and pediatric seizure patient: current evidence-based recommendations. West J Emerg Med. 2017; 18 (3): 419–36. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2016.12.32066.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Langan Y., Nashef L., Sander J.W. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: a series of witnessed deaths. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000; 68 (2): 211–3. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.68.2.211.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Langan Y., Nashef L., Sander J.W. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: a series of witnessed deaths. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000; 68 (2): 211–3. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.68.2.211.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sveinsson O., Andersson T., Carlsson S., Tomson T. Circumstances of SUDEP: a nationwide population-based case series. Epilepsia. 2018; 59 (5): 1074–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.14079.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sveinsson O., Andersson T., Carlsson S., Tomson T. Circumstances of SUDEP: a nationwide population-based case series. Epilepsia. 2018; 59 (5): 1074–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.14079.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murasaka K., Takada K., Yamashita A., et al. Seizure-like activity at the onset of emergency medical service-witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study. Resusc Plus. 2021; 8: 100168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resplu.2021.100168.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murasaka K., Takada K., Yamashita A., et al. Seizure-like activity at the onset of emergency medical service-witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study. Resusc Plus. 2021; 8: 100168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resplu.2021.100168.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Red Cross Red Crescent Networks. International first aid resuscitation and education guidelines 2020. URL: https://www.globalfirstaidcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/EN_GFARC_GUIDELINES_2020.pdf (дата обращения 27.12.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Red Cross Red Crescent Networks. International first aid resuscitation and education guidelines 2020. Available at: https://www.globalfirstaidcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/EN_GFARC_GUIDELINES_2020.pdf (accessed 27.12.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kobau R., Zack M.M. Knowledge of and familiarity with epilepsy in U.S. adults: results from the 2017 ConsumerStyles Online Panel Survey. Epilepsy Behav. 2021; 114 (Pt. A): 107535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107535.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kobau R., Zack M.M. Knowledge of and familiarity with epilepsy in U.S. adults: results from the 2017 ConsumerStyles Online Panel Survey. Epilepsy Behav. 2021; 114 (Pt. A): 107535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107535.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Dosary A.S., AlGhamdi F.M., Almutairi B.F., et al. Public awareness of first-aid management of seizures in Saudi Arabia. Epilepsy Behav. 2022; 129: 108634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108634.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Dosary A.S., AlGhamdi F.M., Almutairi B.F., et al. Public awareness of first-aid management of seizures in Saudi Arabia. Epilepsy Behav. 2022; 129: 108634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108634.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berhe T., Yihun B., Abebe E., Abera H. Knowledge, attitude, and practice about epilepsy among teachers at Ethio-National School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Epilepsy Behav. 2017; 70 (Pt. A): 150–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.02.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berhe T., Yihun B., Abebe E., Abera H. Knowledge, attitude, and practice about epilepsy among teachers at Ethio-National School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Epilepsy Behav. 2017; 70 (Pt. A): 150–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.02.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adal O., Abebe A. First aid knowledge and practice toward students with epileptic seizure among governmental high school teachers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: cross-sectional study. Epilepsy Behav. 2022; 134: 108767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108767.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adal O., Abebe A. First aid knowledge and practice toward students with epileptic seizure among governmental high school teachers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: cross-sectional study. Epilepsy Behav. 2022; 134: 108767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108767.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martino T., Lalla A., Carapelle E., et al. First-aid management of tonicclonic seizures among healthcare personnel: a survey by the Apulian section of the Italian League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2018; 80: 321–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.11.017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martino T., Lalla A., Carapelle E., et al. First-aid management of tonicclonic seizures among healthcare personnel: a survey by the Apulian section of the Italian League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2018; 80: 321–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.11.017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishina Y., Yoshioka S.I. A survey of epilepsy-related knowledge, attitudes and practices of home healthcare nurses in the San-in Region of Japan. Yonago Acta Med. 2018; 61 (1): 19–26. https://doi.org/10.33160/yam.2018.03.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nishina Y., Yoshioka S.I. A survey of epilepsy-related knowledge, attitudes and practices of home healthcare nurses in the San-in Region of Japan. Yonago Acta Med. 2018; 61 (1): 19–26. https://doi.org/10.33160/yam.2018.03.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Asadi-Pooya A.A., Hosseini S.A., Hashemizadeh Fard Haghighi L., Asadi-Pooya H. Seizure first aid for people with epilepsy: opinions and knowledge of caregivers and healthcare professionals. Seizure. 2022; 102: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2022.09.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Asadi-Pooya A.A., Hosseini S.A., Hashemizadeh Fard Haghighi L., Asadi-Pooya H. Seizure first aid for people with epilepsy: opinions and knowledge of caregivers and healthcare professionals. Seizure. 2022; 102: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2022.09.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кучеренко В., Гаркави А., Кавалерский М. Готовность населения к оказанию первой помощи при ДТП. Врач. 2009; 12: 82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kucherenko V., Garkavi A., Kavalersky M. First aid readiness in the population at a road traffic accident. Vrach. 2009; 12: 82 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дежурный Л.И., Лысенко К.И., Батурин Д.И. Роль оказания первой помощи пострадавшим в предотвращении преждевременной смертности в России. Социальные аспекты здоровья населения. 2011; 2: 21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dezhurny L.I., Lysenko K.I., Baturin D.I. The role of unprofessional emergency aid to a victim in avoiding untimely death in Russia. Social Aspects of Population Health. 2011; 2: 21 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Биркун А.А., Косова Е.А. Общественное мнение по вопросам обучения населения основам сердечно-легочной реанимации: опрос жителей Крымского полуострова. Журнал им. Н. В. Склифосовского «Неотложная медицинская помощь». 2018; 7 (4): 311–8. https://doi.org/10.23934/2223-9022-2018-7-4-311-318.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Birkun A.A., Kosova Y.A. Public opinion on community basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation training: a survey of inhabitants of the Crimean Peninsula. Russian Sklifosovsky Journal "Emergency Medical Care". 2018; 7 (4): 311–8 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.23934/22239022-2018-7-4-311-318.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баранов А.В. Организация оказания первой помощи в Архангельской области. Журнал им. Н.В. Склифосовского «Неотложная медицинская помощь». 2020; 9 (2): 259–63. https://doi.org/10.23934/2223-9022-2020-9-2-259-263.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baranov A.V. Organization of first aid in the Arkhangelsk Region. Russian Sklifosovsky Journal "Emergency Medical Care". 2020; 9 (2): 259–63 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.23934/2223-9022-2020-9-2-259-263.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Биркун А.А., Фролова Л.П., Буглак Г.Н., Олефиренко С.С. Внегоспитальная остановка кровообращения в Республике Крым: анализ эпидемиологии и практики оказания помощи. Журнал им. Н.В. Склифосовского «Неотложная медицинская помощь». 2020; 9 (3): 338–47. https://doi.org/10.23934/2223-9022-2020-9-3-338-347.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Birkun A.A., Frolova L.P., Buglak G.N., Olefirenko S.S. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the Republic of Crimea: analysis of epidemiology and practice of care. Russian Sklifosovsky Journal "Emergency Medical Care". 2020; 9 (3): 338–47 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.23934/22239022-2020-9-3-338-347.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Журавлев С.В., Колодкин А.А., Максимов Д.А. и др. Организация учета частоты, объема и результативности мероприятий первой помощи. Проблемы социальной гигиены, здравоохранения и истории медицины. 2020; 28 (4): 616–20. https://doi.org/10.32687/0869866X-2020-28-4-616-620.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhuravlev S.V., Kolodkin A.A., Maksimov D.A., et al. The organization of registration of rate, capacity and effectiveness of first aid measures. Problems of Social Hygiene, Public Health and History of Medicine. Russian Journal. 2020; 28 (4): 616–20 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.32687/0869-866X-2020-28-4-616-620.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Birkun A. Dataset of comparative analysis of emergency medical services' dispatcher pre-arrival instructions and provisions of national/ international guidelines on first aid in generalized seizures. Mendeley Data. 2022; V1. https://doi.org/10.17632/jv9db33x5d.1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Birkun A. Dataset of comparative analysis of emergency medical services' dispatcher pre-arrival instructions and provisions of national/ international guidelines on first aid in generalized seizures. Mendeley Data. 2022; V1. https://doi.org/10.17632/jv9db33x5d.1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Australian and New Zealand Resuscitation Council. Guideline 9.2.4. Australian and New Zealand Resuscitation Council. Guideline 9.2.4. First aid management of a seizure. 2014. URL: https://resus.org.au/download/9_2_medical/guideline-9-2-4-nov-14.pdf (дата обращения 27.12.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Australian and New Zealand Resuscitation Council. Guideline 9.2.4. First aid management of a seizure. 2014. Available at: https://resus. org.au/download/9_2_medical/guideline-9-2-4-nov-14.pdf (accessed 27.12.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">American Heart Association Guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 14: First aid. Circulation. 2005; 112 (24 Suppl.): IV-196–203. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.166575.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">American Heart Association Guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 14: First aid. Circulation. 2005; 112 (24 Suppl.): IV-196–203. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.166575.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Markenson D., Ferguson J.D., Chameides L., et al. Part 17: First aid: 2010 American Heart Association and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid. Circulation. 2010; 122 (18 Suppl. 3): S934–46. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Markenson D., Ferguson J.D., Chameides L., et al. Part 17: First aid: 2010 American Heart Association and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid. Circulation. 2010; 122 (18 Suppl. 3): S934–46. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971150.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zarisfi F., Pek J.H., Oh J.H.H., et al. Singapore First Aid Guidelines 2021. Singapore Med J. 2021; 62 (8): 427–32. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2021112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zarisfi F., Pek J.H., Oh J.H.H., et al. Singapore First Aid Guidelines 2021. Singapore Med J. 2021; 62 (8): 427–32. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2021112.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. International first aid and resuscitation guidelines 2016. URL: https://www.globalfirstaidcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/First-Aid-2016-Guidelines_EN.pdf (дата обращения 27.12.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. International first aid and resuscitation guidelines 2016. Available at: https://www.globalfirstaidcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/First-Aid-2016-Guidelines_EN.pdf (accessed 27.12.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olasveengen T.M., Semeraro F., Ristagno G., et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: basic life support. Resuscitation. 2021; 161: 98–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olasveengen T.M., Semeraro F., Ristagno G., et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: basic life support. Resuscitation. 2021; 161: 98–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Canadian Red Cross. First aid, resuscitation, and education guidelines: 2020 clinical and education updates for Canada. URL: https://www.redcross.ca/crc/documents/Training-and-Certification/First-Aid-Tipsand-Resources/CRC_FA_Guidelines_E_EN_20201130.pdf (дата обращения 27.12.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Canadian Red Cross. First aid, resuscitation, and education guidelines: 2020 clinical and education updates for Canada. Available at: https://www.redcross.ca/crc/documents/Training-and-Certification/FirstAid-Tips-and-Resources/CRC_FA_Guidelines_E_EN_20201130.pdf (accessed 27.12.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Приказ Министерства здравоохранения и социального развития РФ от 04.05.2012 № 477н «Об утверждении перечня состояний, при которых оказывается первая помощь, и перечня мероприятий по оказанию первой помощи». URL: https://base.garant.ru/70178292/ (дата обращения 27.12.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the RF of 04.05.2012 No. 477n “On approval of the list of conditions for which first aid is provided and the list of first aid measures”. Available at: https://base.garant.ru/70178292/ (in Russ.) (accessed 27.12.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Законопроект № 466977-7 «О внесении изменений в статью 31 Федерального закона «Об основах охраны здоровья граждан в Российской Федерации». URL: https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/466977-7 (дата обращения 27.12.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Draft Law No. 466977-7 “On amendments to Article 31 of the Federal Law ‘On the basics of public health protection in the Russian Federation’ ”. Available at: https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/466977-7 (in Russ.) (accessed 27.12.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nikolaou N., Dainty K.N., Couper K., et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of dispatcher-assisted CPR on outcomes from sudden cardiac arrest in adults and children. Resuscitation. 2019; 138: 82–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.02.035.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolaou N., Dainty K.N., Couper K., et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of dispatcher-assisted CPR on outcomes from sudden cardiac arrest in adults and children. Resuscitation. 2019; 138: 82–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.02.035.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fukushima H., Bolstad F. Telephone CPR: current status, challenges, and future perspectives. Open Access Emerg Med. 2020; 12: 193–200. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAEM.S259700.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fukushima H., Bolstad F. Telephone CPR: current status, challenges, and future perspectives. Open Access Emerg Med. 2020; 12: 193–200. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAEM.S259700.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eberhard K.E., Linderoth G., Gregers M.C.T., et al. Impact of dispatcherassisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation on neurologically intact survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2021; 29 (1): 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-021-00875-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eberhard K.E., Linderoth G., Gregers M.C.T., et al. Impact of dispatcherassisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation on neurologically intact survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2021; 29 (1): 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-021-00875-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wise S.L., Freeman C.L., Edemekong P.F. EMS pre-arrival instructions. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wise S.L., Freeman C.L., Edemekong P.F. EMS pre-arrival instructions. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Багненко С.Ф., Плавунов Н.Ф., Миннуллин И.П. и др. Общие принципы приема обращений от населения, поступающих на станции (отделения) скорой медицинской помощи, и определения повода для вызова скорой медицинской помощи. Методические рекомендации. Санкт-Петербург; 2018: 21 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagnenko S.F., Plavunov N.F., Minnullin I.P., et al. General principles for receiving calls from the population arriving at the station (department) of ambulance, and determining the reason for calling an ambulance. Guidelines. Saint Petersburg; 2018: 21 pp. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Биркун А.А. Сердечно-легочная реанимация под руководством диспетчера – действенный способ повышения выживаемости при внегоспитальной остановке кровообращения. Скорая медицинская помощь. 2018; 19 (4): 10–6. https://doi.org/10.24884/20726716-2018-19-4-10-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Birkun A.A. Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation – an efficient way for improving survival after out-ofhospital cardiac arrest. Emergency Medical Care. 2018; 19 (4): 10–6 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.24884/2072-6716-2018-19-4-10-16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Биркун А.А., Дежурный Л.И. Диспетчерское сопровождение при угрозе внегоспитальной остановки кровообращения. Журнал им. Н.В. Склифосовского «Неотложная медицинская помощь». 2019;8 (1): 60–7. https://doi.org/10.23934/2223-9022-2019-8-1-60-67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Birkun A.A., Dezhurny L.I. Dispatcher assistance in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: approaches for diagnosing cardiac arrest by telephone. Russian Sklifosovsky Journal "Emergency Medical Care". 2019; 8 (1): 60–7 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.23934/2223-9022-2019-8-1-60-67.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Биркун А.А., Дежурный Л.И. Боль в груди: обзор современных принципов и подходов к оказанию первой помощи. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2022; 27 (11): 5200. https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2022-5200.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Birkun A.A., Dezhurny L.I. Chest pain: a review of current principles and approaches to first aid. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2022; 27 (11): 5200 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2022-5200.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
