Выход из нейрохимического лабиринта: нейротрансмиттеры, нейропептиды и основанные на патофизиологии эпилепсии механизмы действия новых лекарственных средств

Мозг представляет собой чрезвычайно сложную трехмерную структуру, состоящую из взаимосвязанных нейронов и клеток нейроглии, которые определяют все проявления функций организма человека в норме и при патологии. Взаимодействие с окружающей средой осуществляется благодаря организованной и системной электрической активности нейронов, с помощью которой они передают сообщения в мозг и от него. Патологическая электрическая активность, приводящая к интенсивной вспышке возбуждения, приводит к развитию эпилепсии. Для эпилепсии характерны повторяющиеся неспровоцированные приступы в результате чрезмерного гиперсинхронного разряда нейронов в головном мозге. Около 1% населения во всем мире страдает эпилепсией, при этом почти у 75% больных она начинается в детстве. Почти у 1/3 пациентов заболевание резистентно к современным противоэпилептическим препаратам. В настоящее время отсутствует глубокое понимание патофизиологии данной болезни, которое могло бы быть полезным в дальнейших исследованиях лекарственных средств с новыми механизмами действия. В статье рассматривается роль различных нейротрансмиттеров и нейропептидов в патофизиологии эпилепсии. Задача обзора – познакомить ученых с накопленными представлениями об эпилепсии, которые могли бы помочь в дальнейшей разработке новых препаратов, нацеленных на преодоление терапевтической резистентности у пациентов с эпилепсией.

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