EDITORIAL ARTICLES
SCIENTIFIC EVENTS
The annual conference "Actual problems of Epileptology" in Samara.
Objective. To define therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) role when using drugs of valproic acid and a levetiraсetam as options of medication with a nonlinear and linear pharmakokinetics.
Materials and methods. Analysed are the results of the therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) among 80 patients who were using valproic acid during the monotherapy and levetiracetam during monotherapy or the combination of any other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). We determine plasma concentration C min (before use next dose AED).
Results. Аmong the group consisting of 57 patients and taking valproic acid with the individual daily dosages in the range of 7.5 mg/kg to 30.7 mg/kg, C min of valproic acid equaled to the range of 44 to 111 mcg/ml (therapeutic range is 50-100 mcg/ml). The research determined the presence of significant individual pharmacokinetic features of valproic acid that play a role in achieving clinical effects and appearance of undesired results. 23 patients were taking the daily dosage of levetiracetam starting from 500 to 3000 mg twice or thrice which equal from 7.5 mg/kg/day to 36.9 mg/kg/day individually. TDM confirmed the linear pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam, furthermore determining that the method of determining the daily dosage by the body mass being more effective among the adults. 30 mg/kg can be considered the average effective daily dose of levetiracetam.
Conclusion. TDM proved to be a reasonable AEDs treatment not only for patients with the nonlinear pharmacokinetics but also for those with the linear pharmacokinetics.
Goal. To assess the state of epileptic system using mathematical modeling to monitor the effectiveness of the therapy of epilepsy in various age group.
Materialy and methods. It conducts research on visual evoked potentials facing checkerboard pattern in patients with various forms of epilepsy in the young and the elderly. We used the original method of mathematical analysis of the results.
Results. A study of evoked potentials to evaluate the stability of neurodynamic system in terms of the risk of an epileptic seizure. Obtained significant differences in the calculated indicators of a group of young patients with cerebral morphofunctional immaturity and a group of elderly patients with involutional changes. Normal values should be regarded as the ratio of positive and negative component (Sp / Sn) from 0.5 to 3.0. More than 3.0 determined a high risk of seizures in patients with brain immaturity, below 0.5 – the risk of seizures in patients with severe cerebral involutional changes. Conclusion.Using the algorithm described in clinical practice as a supplementary budget method with the routine EEG and video-EEG monitoring for epilepsy will predict an individual patient and change pharmacotherapy due time for the rapid achievement of remission counter. The process of generating an epileptic fit in each age group can be described with the use of the theory of unstable systems.
NEWS
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Cognitive problems in epilepsy have a multifactorial origin with etiology, seizures, and the «central» side-effects of drug treatment being involved. Cognitive side effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been demonstrated to be one of the most important tolerability problems in chronic AED treatment, especially in children with epilepsy. Memory impairments, mental slowing, and attentional deficits are the most frequently reported ones. Neuropsychological profiles of AEDs are important considerations for treatment selection, particularly in children and adolescents. In evaluating studies of the cognitive effects of AEDs we must follow an evidence-based approach, but in the majority of cases, specific data on cognitive functions in children and adolescents with epilepsy are not yet available. A randomized double blind trial on cognitive effects of adjunctive perampanel for partial-onset seizures is cited (Meador K. F. et al, 2015) and discussed. In this trial adjunctive perampanel did not have any significant overall negative cognitive effect and was improving episodic memory in adolescent patients with inadequately controlled partial-onset seizures.
The current possibilities of treatment of depression in epilepsy were represented. Depression is one of the most frequent psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy. The prevalence of depression ranges from 10 to 80%, and most often found in patients with focal epilepsy resistant to antiepileptic therapy. Depression in patients with epilepsy are not often diagnosed and therefore not treated. A number of common epilepsy and depression pathogenetic mechanisms, such as impaired metabolism of certain neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, especially serotonin was descripted. Based on this, the most promising drugs in the treatment of depression in epilepsy are now the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), such as escitalopram. Objective. The primary objectives were to evaluate the efficacy and safety of escitalopram in treating depressive symptoms. Materials and methods. The study involved 68 patients aged 19-69 years with cryptogenic and focal epilepsy and different disease duration (from 5 to 21 years), different types of seizures and suffering depression interictal (between 2 and 5.5 years). Depression Rating Scale of Montgomery-Asberg (MADRS) was used. To assess the severity of the patient ’s condition at the time of the survey, a global assessment of disease severity (CGI-S) and the global assessment of the mental state (CGI-I) were used. While taking escitalopram (10-20 mg per day.), all patients received basic anticonvulsant therapy. Results. During follow-up the patients with epilepsy who took escitalopram, proconvulsant effect were not denoted. In assessing depressive symptoms improved markedly. Against the background of escitalopram no deterioration was marked, no sedation, addiction to the drug was observed, minimum drug interactions with anticonvulsants was registered. Conclusion. The results described observation program suggests a safe and effective treatment of escitalopram epilepsy patients with depression, it is well tolerated, low drugdrug interactions, as well as improve the quality of life of patients.
The aim of this study was to investigate the electrophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms of the anticonvulsant effect of a new original compound GIZH-298 and to define the leading structure as the target for influence compound. Materials and Methods. The partial (focal) and secondary generalized seizures were modeled by methods of creation a chronic epileptic focus that was caused by cobalt applique on the brain of rats. The liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis used for neurochemical study of the effect GIZH-298. There was studied the effect on metabolism and quantity of biogenic amines in the brain structures of rats. Results. It was found that GIZH-298 at a dose of 60 mg / kg (i.p.) has a pronounced effect on the primary and especially secondary generalized epileptic foci in various brain structures with a primary influence on the cortex. GIZH-298 at a dose of 60 mg / kg caused a statistically significant increase in the content of serotonin and dopamine in the frontal cortex after 30 minutes after the administration and reduced the rate of metabolism of dopamine in the dorsal striatum. Conclusion. The anticonvulsant effect GIZH-298 is enhanced with increased of epileptic system, may be due to increased synthesis of serotonin and dopamine in the cortex, and decreased metabolism of the latter in the striatum.
Objective. The analysis of the frequency of occurrence of clinical phenotypes of JME among residents of the Siberian Federal District (Russia).
Materials and Methods. 80 patients with JME underwent preliminary anamnestic and clinical selection using stratified randomization. After verification of their diagnosis, patients were grouped based on the phenotype classification proposed by Martínez-Juárez et al (2006). Gender was also noted for subsequent genderrelated analysis.
Results. The incidence of JME among males was lower than among females. In general, the average JME onset age was characteristic for this clinical form of idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Furthermore, JME onset age in males was higher than in females. In general, the most frequent phenotype was the classical Type I phenotype. The frequency of Type I occurrence in males was significantly higher than that in females. Type II, the least favorable phenotype in terms of stable pharmacological remission, occurred 3.5 times less frequently in males compared to females. Types III and IV did not reveal significant gender-related differences.
Conclusions. The results allow to revise the initial diagnosis of JME in burdened families: we recommend video-EEG monitoring in adolescent female patients at a younger age, with mandatory testing of levels of consciousness during induced stress. Higher frequency of Type II JME in females suggests imminent need for dynamic and lengthy video-EEG monitoring to exclude the chance of pseudo remission, before a decision can be made about reduction or termination of AEDs.
The prevalence of depression (D) in patients with epilepsy (PE) is quite high and 12-37% due to common neurobiological structural and morphological and neurotransmitter mechanisms underlying these diseases. Depression negatively affects the quality of life and control of seizures in PE is associated with a high risk of suicidality in PE, the disease is poorly diagnosed the PE shall be appointed and rarely antidepressants (AD) for the treatment D in PE.
Materials and Methods. The aim of our prospective observational study with an active control was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of AD the second generation – of escitalopram in the treatment of depressive disorders in 30 PE with D. The control group consisted of 30 PE not receiving AD. Evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment in PE with D was carried out at three points (baseline, after 3 and 6 months of treatment AD) by depression rating score using psychometric scales and scales assessing the overall clinical impression of the gravity of the violations.
Results. In the PED group, treated with AD significantly decreased the values of D, there was a decrease in the severity and frequency of seizures, improvement in the overall clinical impression, while distinct trends in these indicators in the comparative group were note.
Conclusion. Our findings confirm the need for early detection of D in PE and destination AD with a harmonious profile of efficacy and safety.
Objective: to evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy of topiramate and levetiracetam in the treatment of tic disorders.
Materials and methods. We assessed the effectiveness of 1-2 mg/kg topiramate and up to 30 mg/kg levetiracetam in 17 tic patients aged 10 to 17 years old. Clinical evaluation of hyperkinesia severity and surface electromyography (EMG) were recorded before receiving the drug and later after 6 weeks of treatment. The clinical severity was assessed by Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS, 1989). The control group consisted of 15 healthy children of comparable sex and age.
Results. Topiramate and levetiracetam significantly reduced the hyperkinesia, tics severity according to Yale Scale (p<0.05), and the prevalence of firing activity on EMG when registering hyperkinesia from different muscle groups. The maximum effect was obtained in the topiramate treatment group (p<0.05).
Conclusion. The study has shown the clinical efficacy of anticonvulsants in the treatment of tics in children.
Epileptic eyelid myoclonia with or without absences – epileptic seizures presented with closing of eyes and frequent (3-6 times per second) rhythmic myoclonias of eyelids («eyelid fluttering»). They can be accompanied by absences seizures of short duration or they are not accompanied by loss of consciousness. We analyzed the forms of epilepsy, seizure types and compulsive movements of eyes associated with epileptic eyelid myoclonia. We present an algorithm of video-EEG monitoring to diagnostic this epileptic syndrome. Epileptic eyelid myocloniais a seldom type of seizures. It observed with generalized and focal epilepsies. Epileptic eyelid myoclonia can be combined with It can be combined with obsessive eye movementsб what is need differential diagnosis with tics and other obsessions. Using of prolong EEG monitoring is necessary in order to avoid the deterioration of the state of imaginary or perceived improvement. AEP efficiency depends on the epileptic syndrome associated with of еpileptic eyelid myoclonia.

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